ROCK    DRILLING 


WITH   PARTICULAR    REFERENCE    TO 


OPEN  CUT  EXCAVATION 


AND 


SUBMARINE  ROCK  REMOVAL 


BY 

RICHARD   T.    DANA     AND     W.   L.    SAUNDERS 

V, 

DATA  COMPILED   BY 

CONSTRUCTION   SERVICE    COMPANY 


FIRST    EDITION 
FIRST    THOUSAND 


NEW  YORK 

JOHN   WILEY  &    SONS 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN  &  HALL,   LIMITED 

IQII 


Copyright,  1911, 

BY 

RICHARD  T.   DANA  AND  W.   L.    SAUNDERS 


THE   SCIENTIFIC    PRESS 

ROBERT   DRUMMOND    AND    COMPANY 

BROOKLYN,    N.   Y. 


INTRODUCTORY 


THE  rock  drill,  perhaps  more  than  any  other  instrument, 
except  the  engineer's  transit,  is  the  tool  that  accompanies  the 
vanguard  of  civilization,  and  its  contribution  to  the  general 
economy  of  construction,  its  effect  upon  the  cost  of  rock  work, 
and  its  influence  on  standard  engineering  methods,  have  been 
enormous.  In  principle  it  is  unique  as  a  machine,  and  in  practice 
it  offers  a  class  of  problems  which  have  long  deserved  special 
study  and  a  special  treatise. 

It  is  a  machine  of  many  parts,  sizes  and  shapes,  and  there 
are  many  ways  of  using  it,  some  of  which  are  better  than  others, 
and  one  of  which,  for  the  particular  purpose  in  view,  is  the  best 
of  all.  To  establish  the  fundamental  facts  for  determining  this 
"  best  "  way  for  any  given  conditions,  and  to  place  these  facts 
at  the  disposal  of  engineers  and  contractors,  the  Ingersoll-Rand 
Company  have  instituted  an  investigation  into  the  economics 
of  drilling  work,  the  results  of  which  are  herewith  presented  in 
the  hope  that  this  book  will  mark  a  step  forward  in  the  effort 
to  place  the  study  of  rock  drilling  upon  a  scientific  basis.  While 
much  still  remains  to  be  done,  it  is  believed  that  the  present 
work  contains  the  cream  of  the  available  information  on  the 
subject,  most  of  which  has  never  before  appeared  in  print. 
Most  of  the  data  was  gathered  by  the  Construction  Service  Com- 
pany, Consulting  Engineers,  of  New  York,  and  some  of  it  by 
Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert,  Consulting  Engineer;  and  the  whole 
was  worked  into  its  present  form  by  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Construction  Service  Company,  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  W.  L. 
Saunders,  President  of  the  Ingersoll-Rand  Company. 

No  one  in  the  Construction  Service  Company  has  any  interest, 
direct  or  indirect,  in  any  make  of  steam  drills,  or  in  the  results 

iii 

241312 


iv  INTRODUCTORY 

of  the  work,  except  to  see  that  it  correctly  represents  the  economic 
facts,  and  no  effort  has  been  spared  to  make  the  book  entirely 
trustworthy  as  to  these  facts.  Although  it  has  been  carefully 
checked  for  errors,  it  is,  of  course,  possible  that  mistakes  may  have 
escaped  notice.  If  any  such  should  be  noted  by  the  reader,  a 
memorandum  to  that  effect,  mentioning  page  number  and  line, 
addressed  to  Construction  Service  Company,  15  William  Street, 
New  York  City,  would  be  much  appreciated. 

RICHARD  T.  DANA. 

NEW  YORK,  July,  1911. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTORY iii 

CHAPTER  I.  BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES i 

Composition  of  explosives i 

Power 5 

Rapidity  of  action 6 

Facility  and  cost  of  detonation ...  7 

Applicability  to  various  conditions  of  work ,  & 

Freezing  phenomena fc 

Flame  from  explosion 9 

Fumes 9 

Specific  gravity io 

Risks io 

Suitability  for  wet  hole  work 12 

Springing  holes 12 

Advantages  of  springing 13 

Theoretical  disadvantages  of  springing 14 

The  cushioning  effect  of  air  and  water 14 

Simultaneous  explosions 15 

Blasting  machines 15 

Spacing  of  blast  holes , . .  15 

Table  of  cubic  yards  of  material  loosened  per  foot  of  drill  hole  with 

various  spacings  of  holes 16 

CHAPTER  II.  DRILLING  ON  LAND 19 

Power  drilling 19 

Hardness  of  the  rock 20 

Sludging  characteristics  of  the  rock 21 

Jets 23 

Theory  of  the  action  of  the  water  jet 24 

Diagram  of  quantity  of  water  in  gallons  per  minute  required  to  remove 

particles  of  sludge  from  drill  hole 28 

Rules  for  drill  jets 30 

Irregularities  in  the  rock 32 

The  use  of  steam  or  air 32 

Pressure  in  the  boiler  or  air  chamber 34 

The  diameter  of  the  pipe  connection 34 

Length  of  the  pipe  connection 35 

Table  giving  the  number  of  square  feet  of  external  area  for  ico  lineal 

feet  of  piping - 35 

Number  of  drills  going  at  once  and  drawing  pressure  from  the  same 

reservoir 35 

v 


vi  TABLE  OF   CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Diameter  of  the  drill  cylinder 36 

Stroke  of  the  piston 36 

Convenience  of  the  arrangement  for  changing  bits  on  each  machine. .  38 

The  weight  of  the  drill  itself 38 

Depth  of  hole 38 

Table  giving  weight  in  pounds  of  octagonal  drill  steel 39 

Diameter  of  holes 40 

Rate  of  decrease  in  the  diameter  of  successive  bits 41 

Shape  of  the  bit 41 

Sharpening  and  tempering  bit 47 

Nature  of  the  drill  steel 50 

Skill  of  the  blacksmith 50 

Blacksmith's  coal 51 

The  direction  of  the  hole 51 

CHAPTER  III.  DRILLING  ON  LAND  (Continued) 52 

Comparative  costs  of  operation  by  steam  and  compressed  air 52 

Typical  cost  of  operation  of  six-drill  plant  and  total  cost  of  operating 

one  drill  from  a  steam  boiler  direct 52 

Typical  cost  of  operation  of  10-12  drill  compressor  plant  and  total  cost 

of  operating  one  drill  with  compressed  air 53 

The  amount  of  mucking  unnecessary 53 

Diagram  showing  cubic  feet  of  free  air  to  run  from  1-40  rock  drills 54 

The  cost  of  power 54 

Table  A,  of  brake  or  delivered  H.P.  required  to  compress  one  cubic  foot 

of  free  air  per  minute  to  a  given  gauge  pressure 56 

Table  B,  Steam  volume  and  temperature  at  given  pressures 56 

Loss  of  energy  in  steam  pipes  by  radiation 57 

Time  study  and  costs  of  drilling  with  steam  and  air 58 

Diagram  showing  cost  of  drilling  rock,  steam  boiler  direct 60 

Diagram  showing  cost  of  drilling  rock  using  compressed  air 61 

Diagrams  of  cutting  speed  in  various  materials  with  and  without  jet. .  62 

Diagram  showing  time  to  change  steel 63 

Diagram  showing  time  to  move  and  set  up  drill  for  one  hole 63 

Directions  for  using  cost  curves 64 

Estimating  the  cost  of  drilling  on  proposed  work 64 

Checking  up  the  cost  of  drilling  on  a  job  under  way 65 

Standard  rates  on  dry  drilling 66 

Experience  table  of  cost  of  drilling 67 

Experience  table  of  cost  of  blasting  and  amount  of  explosives 71 

CHAPTER  IV.  DRILLING  ON  LAND  (Continued) 75 

Livingstone  improvement  of  the  Detroit  River,  cofferdam  work 75 

Drills. 79 

Superintendence 86 

Moving  plant 87 

The  traction  drill 87 

The  cable  cars oo 

Table  showing  summary  of  costs 91 

Report  blank  used 97 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  vii 

PAGE 

CHAPTER  V.  DRILLING  ON  LAND  (Continued}.    D.  L.  &  W.  CUT-OFF......  99 

Section  No.  3 ico 

Section  No.  6 107 

Section  No.  7 115 

CHAPTER  VI.  DRILLING  ON  LAND  (Continued) 125 

Brownell  Improvement  Co.,  Thornton,  111 125 

Duluth  Crushed  Stone  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn 132 

CHAPTER  VII.  DRILLING  ON  LAND  (Continued) 143 

Contract  No.  25  on  N.  Y.  Water  Supply  Catskill  Aqueduct 143 

CHAPTER  VIII.  DRILLING  ON  LAND  (Continued) 15 1 

Soudan  Mine  of  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  at  Towar,  Minn 151 

Tunnel  driving  at  low  cost,  Ouray,  Colo 152 

Large  vs.  small  drilling  machines 154 

CHAPTER  IX.  SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 159 

Standard  rates  on  subaqueous  drill  work 159 

Observations  at  West  Neebish  Channel,  St.  Mary's  River 159 

Edwards  Brothers'  drill  boat 171 

CHAPTER  X.  SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  (Continued) 180 

Operations  at  Blyth,  England 180 

Submarine  rock  excavation,  Port  Colborne  Harbor  Works,  Welland 

Canal,  Canada 181 

Improvement  of  Oswego  Harbor,  New  York 182 

Observations  on  Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit  River 184 

The  drill  boat  "Destroyer" 187 

The  drill  boat  "Exploder" 199 

The  drill  boat  " Dynamiter" 209 

CHAPTER  XL  SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  (Continued) 220 

Drill  boat  "Earthquake" 220 

The  sand  pipe , 225 

Drill  boat  "Hurricane" 231 

CHAPTER  XII.  SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  (Continued) 244 

Buffalo  boat,  No.  5 244 

The  mud  pipe 253 

Buffalo  boat,  No.  4 : 260 

Buffalo  boat,  No.  2 266 

Buffalo  boat,  No.  i 269 

CHAPTER  XIII.  SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  (Continued) 278 

Improving  Black  Rock  Harbor  and  Channel  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y 278 

Hay  Lake  and  Neebish  Channels,  Improvement  of  St.  Mary's  River, 

Mich.     Section  No.  4 282 

Improving  Ahnapee  Harbor,  Wis 284 

Ship  channel  of  St.  Lawrence  River  through  the  Galops  Rapids 285 

CHAPTER  XIV.    SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  (Continued).     IMPROVEMENT  JAMES 

RIVER,  VA 290 

Cienfugos  Harbor,  Cuba 291 

N.  Y.,  N.  H.   &  H.  R.  R.  improvement,  Oak  Point,  New  York  City, 

East  River 293 

Lovejoy's  Narrows,  improvement  Kennebec  River,  Maine 297 


viii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

CHAPTER  XV.  SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  BY  THE  PLATFORM  METHOD 299 

Operations  on  Black  Tom  Reef,  New  York  Harbor 300 

CHAPTER  XVI.   HINTS  AND  SUGGESTIONS  FOR  ROCK  DRILLING  AND  BLAST- 
ING   303 

Hints  for  estimators 308 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  . 3 10 


ROCK   DRILLING 


CHAPTER  I 
BLASTING   AND    EXPLOSIVES 

THE  breaking  of  rock  by  drilling  and  blasting  as  it  is  pursued 
to-day  dates  practically  from  Nobel's  invention  of  dynamite. 
The  blasting  of  rock  by  the  use  of  gunpowder  is  of  course  as  old 
as  the  general  use  of  this  agent;  but  blasting,  considered  as  an 
economic  art  to-day,  is  in  an  entirely  different  category  from 
that  in  which  it  was  before  the  discovery  of  nitroglycerin. 

The  operation  of  blasting  is  conducted  through  the  explosive 
force  of  gases  generated  either  by  explosion  or  by  detonation.  For 
clearness  in  the  treatment  of  what  follows  it  is  advisable  here  to 
define  these  terms. 

An  explosion  is  the  result  of  combustion  instituted  and  propa- 
gated by  high  temperature.  Gunpowder,  which  is  an  explosive 
mixture,  is  composed  of  saltpetre,  charcoal  and  sulphur.  Upon 
being  raised  to  the  temperature  of  combustion,  or  explosion, 
these  materials  combine  chemically,  and  in  so  doing  produce  a 
gas.  It  is  the  sudden  and  powerful  expansion  of  this  gas  which 
furnishes  the  force  derived  from  the  explosion.  The  chlorate 
powders  are  another  example  of  explosives  proper.  It  should  be 
be  noted  that  the  chemical  combination  must  take  place  progres- 
sively, from  grain  to  grain  as  it  were,  and  is  not  likely  to  be  caused 
by  a  jar  or  shock  unless  such  shock  should  be  sufficiently  violent 
to  generate  a  spark  in  the  mass.  The  explosives  are  comparatively 
bulky  considering  the  amount  of  gas  that  they  can  liberate,  and 
therefore  they  require  a  large  hole  in  the  rock  in  order  to  introduce 
a  sufficient  amount  of  explosive  to  break  it.  The  black  powders, 
even  when  glazed,  are  decidedly  sensitive  to  moisture,  a  small 


2  ROCK  DRILLING 

amount  of  which  is  likely  to  destroy  their  efficacy,  unless  they  are 
charged  in  waterproof  canisters  or  packages. 

A  detonation  may  be  defined  as  a  disruption  caused  by  syn- 
chronous vibrations  of  a  wave-like  character,  but  the  causes  of 
detonation  have  not  as  yet  been  satisfactorily  determined.  There 
are  a  great  many  detonating  compounds,  including  the  nitric 
derivatives,  such  as  guncotton,  nitroglycerin  and  dynamite,  and 
the  nitro-substitution  compounds,  such  as  joveite,  masurite,  lyddite, 
bellite,  securite,  and  a  host  of  others.  These  compounds  are 
definite  chemical  substances,  as  distinct  from  mixtures  of  several 
different  substances,  which  are  in  such  condition  that  a  wave- 
like  shock  will  cause  their  decomposition  into  gas.  The  speed 
of  the  wave  that  can  produce  this  combustion  is  so  great  as  to 
make  the  detonation  of  large  amounts  of  these  substances  prac- 
tically simultaneous,  thereby  causing  a  very  much  more  sudden 
and  quick  shock  than  in  the  case  of  the  explosives  proper.  Some 
of  these  detonating  compounds  in  addition  to  a  shock  require  a 
high  temperature  to  set  them  off,  and  they  then  come  within  the 
classification  of  the  so-called ." safety  explosives." 

Provided  that  no  decided  shock  be  administered,  many  of 
the  detonating  compounds  can  be  entirely  burned  up  without 
causing  a  detonation,  in  contrast  to  the  capacity  that  gunpowder 
has  of  submitting  to  severe  shocks  without  explosion.  On  the 
other  hand,  dynamite,  nitroglycerin,  nitrogelatin,  and  others,  are 
liable  to  be  detonated  as  a  result  of  a  rapid  change  of  temperature, 
even  if  that  change  covers  a  comparatively  small  range.  When 
frozen,  the  dynamites  are  generally  very  much  more  difficult  to 
detonate  than  under  normal  conditions,  but  it  often  happens  that 
frozen  dynamite  will  be  detonated  by  the  breaking  of  the  frozen 
stick  or  by  a  shock  which  would  ordinarily  not  cause  the  detona- 
tion of  the  warm  material.  At  the  thawing  point  it  is  generally 
considered  to  be  in  a  super-sensitive  condition.  Dynamite  to-day 
has  for  its  main  constituent  nitroglycerin  with  an  absorbent,  such 
as  wood  meal,  sawdust,  kieselguhr,  wood  pulp,  or  wood  fibre, 
or  even  charcoal,  and  frequently  one  or  more  of  the  ingredients 
of  the  explosive  mixtures  such  as  sodium  nitrate,  sulphur  or  potas- 
sium chlorate.  A  peculiar  property  of  these  compounds  is  that 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  3 

a  powder  composed  of  nitroglycerin  with  an  'explosive  "base" 
will  have  more  explosive  power  than  the  sum  of  the  explosive 
powers  of  the  ingredients  if  fired  separately.  The  composition 
of  a  considerable  number  of  the  powders  in  common  use  to-day 
is  given  in  the  following  table  from  Gillette's  "Rock  Excavation," 
an  inspection  of  which  in  conjunction  with  the  text  of  this  chapter 
will  be  of  assistance  in  determining  the  economic  grade  of  powder 
for  a  given  purpose: 

ATLAS  POWDER  (75  per  cent)  - 

Nitroglycerin 75  parts 

Wood  fibre 21     " 

Sodium  nitrate 2     ' ' 

Magnesium  carbonate 2     ' ' 

RENDROCK  (40  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin 40  parts 

Potassium  nitrate 40     ' ' 

Wood  pulp 13     " 

Pitch 7     " 

GIANT  POWDER,  No.  2  (40  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin 40  parts 

Sodium  nitrate 40     " 

Sulphur 6     " 

Resin 6     " 

Kieselguhr 8     " 

STONITE  (68  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin 68  parts 

Kieselguhr 20     " 

Wood  meal 4     " 

Potassium  nitrate 8     " 

DUALIN  (40  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin 40  parts 

Sawdust 30     "• 

Potassium  nitrate 30     * ' 

CARBONITE  (25  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin 25  parts 

Woodmeal 4<4  " 

Sodium  nitrate 34     " 

Sodium  carbonate i  ' t 

HERCULES  (40  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin 4°  parts 

Potassium  nitrate 31 

Potassium  chlorate 3^  " 

Magnesium  carbonate 10     ' 

Sugar 15!  " 


4  ROCK  DRILLING 

VIGORITE  (30  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin  .................................  30  parts 

Potassium  chlorate  ............................  49 

Potassium  nitrate  .............................     7 

Wood  pulp  ...................................     9     ' 

Magnesium  carbonate  .........................     5 

HORSLEY  POWDER  (72  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin  .................................  72  parts 

Potassium  chlorate  ............................     6 

Nuttgalls  ....................................     i 

Charcoal  .....................................  21     " 

GELIGNITE  (62^  per  cent) 

,    .  .   .        /  Nitroglvcerin,  06  per  cent 

65  per  cent  of  blastmg  gelaun,  comam.ng  {  ^.^  ^  V 


Sodium  nitrate,  75  per  cent 
35  per  cent  of  absorbent,  containing  Sodium  carbonate,  i  per  cent 

Wood  pulp,  24  per  cent 

FORCITE  (49  per  cent) 

SO  per  cent  of  blasting  gelatin,  containing  {  Nitroglycerin,  98  per  cent 

'    I  Collodion  cotton,  2  per  cent 
f  Sodium  nitrate,  76  per  cent 

50  per  cent  of  absorbent,  containing  \  ^ulP^ur'  3  Per  cent 

I  Wood  tar,  20  per  cent 

I  Wood  pulp,  i  per  cent 

JUDSON  GIANT  POWDER,  No.  2  (40  per  cent) 
Nitroglycerin  .................................   40  parts 

Sodium  nitrate  ................................   40     " 

Resin  ........................................     6     " 

Sulphur  ......................................     6     ' 

Kieselguhr  ...................................     8     " 

VULCANITE  (30  per  cent) 

Nitroglycerin  .  .  .............  .  .................  30  parts 

i  Sodium  nitrate  ................................  52^  " 

Sulphur.  .  ....................................  7     " 

Charcoal  .....................................  loj  '  ' 

The  dynamites  are  graded  according  to  the  percentage  of 
nitroglycerin  that  they  contain.  Thus  a  "40%  powder"  would 
be  one  in  which  the  sticks,  weighing  one-half  pound  each,  would 
include  one-fifth  of  a  pound  of  pure  nitroglycerin.  Dynamite 
is  usually  packed  in  paper  cartridges  weighing  about  one-half 
pound  each  which  will  vary  in  diameter.  When  ordering,  it  is 
customary  to  specify  a  size  of  cartridge  that  will  as  nearly  as 
possible  fill  the  drill  hole,  the  commonest  size  being  i  \"  in  diameter 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  5 

by  8"  in  length.      It  is  nearly  always  shipped  in  5o-lb.  boxes, 
which  have  a  volumetric  capacity  of  f  cu.ft. 

The  principal  features  of  the  high  explosives,  which  vary  with 
the  different  products,  and  which  are  economically  important, 
are  as  follows,  from  Trans.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  Vol.  50,  p.  388: 

1.  Power. 

2.  Cost,  initial  price. 

3.  Rapidity  of  action. 

4.  Facility  and  cost  of  detonation. 

5.  Applicability  to  various  conditions  of  work. 

6.  Temperature  of  detonation. 

7.  Freezing  phenomena. 

8.  Ease  of  transportation  and  cost. 

9.  Ease  of  storage  and  cost. 

10.  Flame  from  explosion. 

11.  Fumes  and  effects  from  handling. 

12.  Specific  gravity. 

13.  Risks;  divided  into  (a)  risks  from  proper  handling;  and 

(b)  risks  from  improper  handling. 

14.  Wet  hole  work. 

Power.  There  is  no  satisfactory  way  of  comparing  the 
power  of  different  explosives  from  the  viewpoint  of  efficiency  in 
the  rock,  except  by  actual  tests  under  working  conditions.  The 
effect  depends  upon  three  factors :  the  rapidity  of  detonation,  the 
volume  of  gases  generated,  and  the  temperature  of  the  gases. 
When  an  explosive  is  inserted  into  a  hole  in  the  rock  and  the 
hole  sealed  up  above  it  the  gases  generated  are  necessarily  con- 
tained in  the  chamber  that  originally  contained  the  explosive. 
The  higher  the  temperature,  other  things  being  equal,  the  greater 
will  be  the  pressure  in  any  given  gas;  likewise  the  greater  the 
natural  volume  under  atmospheric  pressure  the  greater  the  pressure 
when  this  volume  of  gas  is  liberated  in  a  confined  chamber.  If 
there  be  fissures  in  the  rock  through  which  some  of  the  gas  can 
escape  before  the  rock  itself  yields,  or  if  the  tamping  which  is 
intended  to  seal  up  the  hole  yields  before  the  full  pressure  of  the 
gases  is  developed,  the  escape  of  part  of  the  gases  will  necessarily 


6  ROCK  DRILLING 

reduce  the  amount  of  useful  work  correspondingly.  For  these 
reasons  the  theoretical  number  of  cubic  feet  of  gas  at  atmospheric 
pressure,  and  at  normal  temperature,  that  would  be  liberated 
by  the  explosion,  or  detonation,  of  one  cubic  foot  of  explosive 
is  not  a  useful  criterion  for  measuring  the  economic  value  of  the 
material.  In  certain  kinds  of  seamy  rock  the  gases  can  be  dissi- 
pated so  rapidly  through  the  fissures  as  to  make  the  slow  black 
powders  almost  useless.  Under  such  circumstances  a  quick 
powder  will  have  an  opportunity  to  shatter  the  rock  before  the 
gases  have  become  dissipated.1  The  proper  grade  of  dynamite  for 
such  cases  is  as  slow  a  powder  as  can  be  found  to  do  the  work 
without  an  appreciable  waste  of  gas.  In  practice  to  find  this 
substance  is  not  easy,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  better  way  than 
to  experiment  with  different  grades  of  powder  in  holes  that  have 
been  carefully  measured  and  located  under  as  nearly  uniform 
conditions  as  possible.  Most  rock  excavation  is  some  distance 
from  the  base  of  supplies,  and  therefore  it  is  expedient  to  order 
several  kinds  of  explosives  until  it  has  been  definitely  settled 
by  experiment  which  grade  of  powder  is  the  most  economic. 
Where  the  rock  is  faulty  and  variable  in  structure,  as  in  many 
of  the  shales,  schists,  and  granites,  the  rocky  conditions  surround- 
ing one  hole  may  be  so  different  from  those  surrounding  another 
one  near  by  as  to  lead  to  a  very  confusing  set  of  observations. 
The  only  way  known  to  us  that  has  proved  successful  in  such 
a  case  is  to  keep  careful  and  constant  records  during  the  whole 
progress  of  the  work.  Each  blast  will  then  contribute  its  share 
of  information  and  the  information  will  be  of  more  and  more 
value  as  the  work  progresses.  After  a  day  or  two  of  experiment 
the  approximate  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  rock  loosened  can  be 
obtained. 

Rapidity  of  Action.  The  slowest  acting  explosives  are  the 
regular  black  powders,  the  speed  of  action  increasing  through 
Judson  powder,  25%  dynamite,  etc.,  up  to  pure  nitroglycerin. 
This  variation  of  speed  in  action  can  be  made  use  of  economically 

1  Where  the  word  "  powder  "  is  used  in  this  text,  it  should  be  understood  to 
comprise  any  of  the  explosives  or  detonants.  It  is  the  field  term  for  all  of 
them. 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  7 

in  the  following  ways:  Where  the  rock  does  not  break  properly 
near  the  bottom  of  the  holes  a  higher  explosive  or  detonant  can 
be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole  than  at  the  top,  and  by 
placing  the  firing  primer  at  or  near  the  top  of  the  hole  the  pressure 
of  the  gases  can  be  made  much  greater  at  the  bottom  than  else- 
where, thus  producing  a  greater  rupture.  In  this  connection  it 
must  be  thoroughly  understood  that  the  pressure  of  the  liberated 
gases  is  equal  in  all  directions,  and  that  pressure  will  produce  the 
most  destructive  results  where  it  meets  with  most  resistance.  When 
the  high  explosive  is  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole,  if  the  primer 
also  be  placed  at  the  bottom,  the  explosion  is  likely  to  be  so  quick 
as  to  blow  some  of  the  charge  out  of  the  hole  before  the  explosive 
at  the  top  has  an  opportunity  to  do  its  work;  if,  however,  one 
grade  of  dynamite  be  used  throughout  the  depth  of  the  hole  the 
detonation  of  the  whole  mass  is  likely  to  be  so  nearly  simultaneous 
as  not  to  affect  the  result. 

Following  this  same  idea,  it  is  apparent  that  the  holes  which 
contain  a  low  explosive,  like  black  powder,  should  be  more  solidly 
tamped  than  those  loaded  with  the  high  dynamites.  It  is 
fashionable  on  most  contract  work  to  use  a  minimum  of  tamping 
when  loading  dynamite,  and  the  tamping  that  is  used  is  generally 
selected  at  random  in  a  haphazard  way.  It  should  be  selected 
with  great  care  from  as  dense  material  as  can  readily  be  obtained, 
and  it  should  not  be  of  such  material  as  loose  gravel  or  sand 
containing  a  large  amount  of  voids.  A  mixture  of  loam  or  clay 
with  sand  makes  a  good  tamping,  and  where  the  rock  is  soft, 
requiring  the  use  of  the  low  explosives,  and  the  explosive  nearly 
fills  the  hole,  it  is  frequently  economical  to  use  a  tamping  mixture 
of  three  parts  of  sand  to  one  part  of  plaster  of  Paris.  The  plaster 
of  Paris  sets  up  in  a  very  short  time,  thus  sealing  the  hole  very 
firmly,  and  giving  an  admirable  opportunity  for  the  powder  to 
do  its  work  before  blowing  out.  One  bag  of  plaster  of  Paris 
of  slight  cost  and  six  cubic  feet  of  sand  will  provide  sufficient 
tamping  for  90  holes.  By  the  use  of  this  expedient  it  will  often 
be  found  possible  to  use  a  lower  grade  of  dynamite  than  other- 
wise at  a  considerable  saving  in  the  cost  of  powder. 

Facility  and  Cost  of  Detonation.     The  higher  grade  dyna- 


8  ROCK  DRILLING 

mites  are  much  easier  to  set  off  than  the  lower  grades;    thus  it  is 
possible  to  use  a  low  strength  primer  with  the  higher  explosives. 

Applicability  to  Various  Conditions  of  Work.  The  gen- 
eral applicability  of  a  particular  grade  of  explosive  is  a  feature 
which  recommends  itself  to  a  great  many  consumers  who  are 
purchasing  it  in  large  quantities.  By  far  the  commonest  grade 
of  dynamite  in  general  use  is  the  40%,  and  this  is  the  strength 
of  most  general  applicability.  Like  the  problem  of  the  weight  of 
a  pick  or  shovel  or  the  size  of  a  locomotive,  there  is  always  one 
best  grade  to  use  for  any  given  purpose,  and  no  one  grade  is 
economic  for  general  use.  In  short,  as  suggested  above,  in  a  great 
deal  of  work  it  is  highly  advisable  to  use  two  or  more  different  kinds 
of  powder  in  the  same  hole.  The  40%  dynamite,  by  virtue  of  the 
comparatively  small  amount  of  nitroglycerin  and  the  large  amount 
of  absorbent  or  "  buffer,"  is  comparatively  insensitive  to  shock, 
difficult  to  detonate,  and  safe  to  transport  and  store.  It  can  be 
banged  along  a  country  road  in  a  springless  wagon  and  it  can 
be  hurled  in  individual  sticks  down  a  rock  cliff  with  only  occasional 
accidents  from  such  treatment.  It  can  br.  used  for  mud  capping, 
block  holing,  or  for  breaking  shaley  rock  and,  with  indifferent 
economy,  the  heavy  traps  and  granites.  It  can  be  used  to  "  spring' 
holes,  and  for  the  main  charge  after  the  holes  have  been  sprung. 

In  very  cold  weather  the  40%  powder  is  sometimes  difficult  to 
detonate  without  double  strength  caps.  Under  these  conditions  it 
is  advisable  to  use  a  higher  powder,  or  to  insert  the  primer  in  a 
cartridge  of  high  powder  at  the  top  of  the  hole. 

Freezing  Phenomena.  All  users  of  dynamite  appreciate  that 
nitroglycerin  will  freeze,  but  few  of  them  realize  that  the  tem- 
perature of  freezing  is  several  degrees  higher  than  that  of  melting 
snow.  It  is  a  common  occurrence  to  hear  one  of  the  old-fashioned 
powder  men,  of  vast  experience  and  a  considerable  disdain  for 
new-fangled  ideas,  observe  that  if  the  holes  are  full  of  water  the 
dynamite  cannot  possibly  freeze  in  them  until  the  water  turns 
to  ice.  After  standing1  for  an  hour  or  two  in  water  at  a  temper- 
ature of  35°  F.  the  dynamite  is  likely  to  either  not  detonate  at  all 
or  to  do  so  with  much  less  than  its  normal  strength.  The  first 
warning  of  this  condition  generally  comes  when  a  number  of 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  9 

holes  "miss"  while  the  others  detonate.  When  this  condition 
obtains  it  is  fairly  certain  that  the  holes  that  did  not  misfire  did 
not  get  the  benefit  of  the  full  strength  of  the  powder.  When  the 
holes  are  being  loaded  just  before  the  powder  is  placed  in  the 
hole,  it  is  frequently  customary  to  blow  all  the  water  and  small 
particles  of  stone  out  of  the  hole  by  means  of  a  steam  jet.  This 
steam  jet  warms  up  the  hole  so  that  the  powder  can  remain  therein 
for  some  little  time  before  congealing.  The  precise  length  of 
time  depends  upon  the  degree  to  which  the  hole  has  been  heated, 
the  conductivity  of  the  rock,  and  the  amount  of  cold  water  that 
is  flowing  into  the  hole  or  through  the  seams  of  the  rock;  and  also 
on  the  length  of  time  that  cold  weather  has  obtained  before  the 
time  of  loading.  Where  the  holes  are  quite  deep  it  takes  con- 
siderable time  for  the  cold  to  penetrate  the  rock.  The  dry 
powders,  such  as  black  powders,  Judson,  and  many  of  the  nitro- 
substitution  class,  will  not  freeze,  and  investigation  regarding  their 
use  in  freezing  weather  is  highly  recommended.  The  use  of  many 
of  the  latter  for  industrial  purposes  is  still  in  the  experimental  stage. 

Flame  from  Explosion.  In  mining  work  where  fire  damp 
is  to  be  anticipated  the  flaming  powders  are  an  element  of  grave 
danger  and  therefore  of  high  cost.  Some  of  the  so-called  safety 
explosives  are  claimed  to  be  flameless,  and  if  the  claim  be  true, 
are  a  valuable  discovery  in  this  line.  We  have,  however,  as  yet 
not  seen  convincing  proof  that  the  perfectly  flameless  explosive 
has  ever  been  developed.  It  is  undoubtedly  true,  nevertheless, 
that  some  powders  give  a  very  much  hotter  flame  than  others. 

Fumes.  Nitroglycerin,  besides  being  a  high  explosive,  is  a 
powerful  heart  stimulant,  and  when  the  fumes  from  its  com- 
position are  inhaled  the  resultant  effects  are  usually  a  severe 
and  sometimes  prolonged  headache.  The  same  effects  will  be 
produced  by  handling  the  dynamite  cartridges  with  bare  hands 
in  hot  weather  or  whenever  the  oily  nitroglycerin  penetrates 
the  paper  of  the  cartridge.  This  can  be  guarded  against  by 
wearing  leather  gloves,  but  the  fumes  can  hardly  be  avoided 
except  by  the  men  keeping  away  from  the  vicinity  of  the  blast 
until  the  fumes  have  been  dissipated.  In  confined  places,  such 
as  mines  and  ill-ventilated  tunnels,  this  necessary  time  for  clearing 


10 


ROCK  DRILLING 


the  air  is  often  a  half  hour  or  more,  adding  an  element  of  cost 
the  amount  of  which  can  readily  be  estimated. 

To  avoid  this  element  of  cost  the  work  may  sometimes  be  so 
laid  out  that  the  men,  after  firing  a  blast,  can  be  kept  busy  on 
some  other  work  for  the  necessary  period.  Another  method  is 
by  means  of  copious  ventilation.  One  of  the  reasons  why  the 
Simplon  Tunnel  was  driven  at  record  breaking  speed  was  because 
it  was  run  in  two  parallel  headings,  through  one  of  which  a  tre- 
mendous amount  of  air  under  pressure  entered,  finding  its  way 
out  by  the  other  through  a  system  of  cross  drifts,  all  but  the  last 
one  of  which  were  sealed  as  the  work  progressed.  This  method 
insured  a  minimum  of  lost  time  on  account  of  dynamite  fumes 
and  was  highly  economical. 

Specific  Gravity.  The  larger  the  amount  of  energy  stored 
in  a  cubic  inch  of  powder  the  smaller  may  be  the  diameter  of 
the  drill  hole,  or  the  farther  the  holes  may  be  apart;  therefore, 
other  things  being  equal,  the  denser  powders,  as  compared  with 
the  lighter  ones,  will  often  admit  of  a  considerable  saving  in 
the  collateral  operation  of  drilling.  The  weight  of  dynamite 
per  inch  of  stick  is  about  as  follows,  and  all  the  grades  weigh 
about  the  same  per  stick : 


Diameter  of 

Weight  in 

Diameter  of 

Weight  in 

Stick 
in  Inches. 

Pounds  per 
Inch  of  Stick. 

Stick 
in  Inches. 

Pounds  per 
Inch  of  Stick. 

I 

0.042 

if 

0.128 

I* 

0.065 

2 

0.168 

«l 

0.094 

*i 

0.212 

Risks.  Accidents  are  always  costly,  and  as  an  element  of 
false  economy  the  risk  from  any  method  of  handling  powder 
should  be  taken  into  account.  The  following  list  of  some  of 
the  dangers  arising  from  the  use  of  dynamite  points  a  moral 
which  need  not  be  elaborated.  The  list  includes  only  actual 
causes  that  have  been  known  to  produce  accidental  detonations. 

(a)  Dangers  inevitable,  even  with  reasonable  care: 

1.  Spontaneous  explosion  in  storage. 

2.  Lightning. 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  11 

3.  Part  of  charge  failing  to  go  off  and  remaining  undis- 

covered until  exploded  either  by  the  sun's  rays  or 
by  being  struck  by  a  tool. 

4.  Train  wreck. 

5.  Drilling  near  missed  hole. 

6.  Flame;   fire  damp. 

(b)  Dangers  incidental  to  the  handling  of  dynamite  as  prac- 
ticed every  day: 

1.  Dropping  stick  or  box. 

2.  Hole  too  small  for  cartridge;  ramming  down  cart- 

ridge. 

3.  Ramming  too  hard,  or  ramming  with  metal  bar. 

4.  Deepening  missed  hole. 

5.  Returning  to  relight  fuse. 

6.  Testing  the  end  of  a  hole  with  an  iron  bar  after  a 

blast  to  see  if  any  of  the  charge  remains. 

7.  Forcing  primer  into  cartridge. 

8.  Ramming  in  the  first  ball  of  tamping  clay. 

9.  Breaking  a  cartridge  when  near  the  freezing  point. 

10.  Stepping  upon  particles  of  explosive. 

11.  Thawing  in  front  of  kitchen  fire. 

12.  Thawing  in  tin  over  fire. 

13.  Thawing  in  men's  boots  or  shirts. 

14.  Thawing  in  an  oven. 

15.  Hot  water  containing  dynamite  placed  on  a  black- 

smith's fire. 

1 6.  Thawing  with  candle. 

17.  Reheating  water  which  has  been  used  in  thawer. 

1 8.  Throwing  on  ground  water  which  contains  nitro- 

glycerin  from  thawing  cartridges. 

19.  Rubbing  cartridge  in  hands  to  complete  thawing. 

20.  Cartridge  left  in  pocket  of  garment  hung  before 

fire  to  dry. 

21.  Having  cartridge  and  primer  near  each  other  when 

not  in  use. 

22.  Destroying  material  not  considered  desirable. 


12  ROCK  DRILLING 

Suitability  for  Wet  Hole  Work.  When  immersed  in  water 
nitroglycerin  will  leave  a  stick  of  dynamite  and  its  place  will  be 
taken  by  the  water,  owing  to  the  greater  affinity  that  the  water 
has  for  the  mechanical  dope,  so  that  in  wet  holes  the  nitroglycerin 
powders  are  not  entirely  suitable,  and  although  usually  they  will 
detonate,  they  do  so  with  reduced  efficiency. 

This  objection  does  not  apply  to  nitrogelatin.  Theoretically, 
a  waterproof  cartridge  can  be  made  of  paraffin  paper,  but  as  a 
matter  of  practical  economics  this  expedient  has  not  made  its 
way  into  general  use.  A  waterproof  slow-burning  powder  of 
low  explosive  force  and  great  cheapness  would  be  of  great  value 
in  blasting  the  softer  rocks  where  water  cannot  be  avoided. 

Springing  Holes.  The  usefulness  of  different  grades  of  dyna- 
mite in  the  same  holes  has  been  pointed  out  above.  A  further 
development  of  the  same  idea  can  frequently  be  taken  advantage 
of  by  springing  the  holes,  an  operation  consisting  of  detonating 
a  few  sticks  of  high  percentage  dynamite  in  the  bottom  of  the 
hole,  thus  producing  an  enlarged  and  approximately  pear-shaped 
chamber,  which  then  can  be  filled  with  an  explosive  powder  to 
any  desired  amount.  As  in  the  general  choice  of  an  explosive, 
the  kind  and  amount  of  powder  necessary  to  chamber  a  hole 
must  be  determined  by  experiment  for  each  particular  case.  In 
soft  shale,  where  the  lamination  plane  was  inclined  to  the  hori- 
zontal at  an  angle  of  about  50°,  two  sticks  of  40%  dynamite 
were  sufficient  to  form  a  chamber  about  the  size  of  a  man's  head 
in  the  bottom  of  a  10  foot  hole.  A  tamping  rod  placed  in  the 
hole  after  springing  with  two  sticks  would  usually  descend  from 
4  to  6  inches  lower  than  before  the  springing,  and  it  was  feasi- 
'ble  to  get  the  greater  part  of  a  charge  of  18  sticks  in  the  chamber. 
With  the  hard  rocks,  where  large  chambers  are  desired,  it  is 
necessary  sometimes  to  make  two  or  three  shots.  Thus  in  East- 
ern Ohio,  Mr.  W.  M.  Douglas  1  in  sandstone  work  fired  first  15 
sticks,  then  40  and  then  80,  and  finally  130  sticks  of  40%  dynamite 
per  hole.  The  chambers  were  then  large  enough  to  hold  45  kegs 
of  black  powder.  We  have  sprung  2O-foot  holes  in  sandstone, 

1  "  Rock  Work,"  p.  149. 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  13 

using  for  the  first  shot  2  sticks,  for  the  second  5  sticks,  and  for 
the  third  20  sticks  of  40%  powder. 

In  charging  sprung  holes  with  black  powder  it  is  economical 
to  use  a  so-called  charging  tube,  which  prevents  the  free  running 
powder  from  sticking  to  the  sides  of  the  hole  on  the  way  down, 
or  from  becoming  dissipated  in  fissures. 

Advantages  of  Springing.  The  cost  of  springing  holes  is 
the  cost  of  supplies,  their  handling  and  storage,  and  the  time 
of  the  men  employed.  This  work  can  be  done  by  the  regular 
blasting  gang  with  almost  no  interruptions  to  the  regular  loading, 
since  it  is  safe  to  stand  within  10  or  15  feet  of  a  hole  that  is 
being  sprung  with  light  charges.  It  seems  hardly  necessary  to 
add  that  a  large  number  of  holes  can  be  sprung  at  the  same  time. 
Each  should  be  lightly  tamped  with  one  or  two  handfuls  of  clay. 
If  this  causes  too  much  of  a  "shake-down"  use  less  powder  but 
not  less  tamping.  Since  the  effect  of  blasting  depends  upon  the 
explosive  power  of  the  generated  gases,  which  press  equally  in 
all  directions,  if  the  explosive  be  concentrated  at  the  bottom  of 
the  hole,  the  result  will  be  to  more  thoroughly  shatter  the  rock 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  charge  than  elsewhere.  Where 
rock  is  to  be  excavated  with  a  steam  shovel,  and  particularly 
where  the  plane  of  lamination  is  at  an  angle  to  the  horizontal, 
holes  in  which  the  charge  is  not  concentrated  at  the  bottom  will 
frequently  leave  ridges  that  prevent  the  progress  of  a  steam 
shovel  until  they  have  been  cleared  away  by  mud-capping  or 
by  drilling  in  front  of  the  shovel  while  the  shovel  stands  idle. 
To  see  thirty  men  with  a  steam  shovel  and  two  or  three  trains  of 
cars  wait  while  a  drill  or  two  "get  busy"  in  front  of  the  shovel, 
is  one  of  the  most  demoralizing  things  in  construction  work. 
Delays  to  steam  shovels  from  this  cause  often  run  as  high  as 
50  to  60%  of  the  working  day,  and  perhaps  no  other  cause  is 
more  conducive  to  loss  of  money  in  this  kind  of  operation.  It 
can  usually  be  eliminated  to  a  large  extent  by  the  proper  spring- 
ing of  the  holes,  the  rock  being  almost  pulverized  for  a  consid- 
erable distance  from  the  centre  of  each  charge. 

The  direct  economic  result  from  springing  lies  in  the  fact 
that  the  holes  can  be  placed  a  much  greater  distance  apart  than 


14  ROCK  DRILLING 

otherwise,  and  a  low  and  cheap  grade  of  powder  can  be  used  for 
the  rock.  A  peculiar  collateral  advantage  from  this  fact  should  be 
mentioned.  It  has  been  observed  that  stone  used  for  ashlar  masonry 
is  subject  to  the  development  of  fine  cracks  when  the  very  high 
explosives  have  been  used  in  the  quarrying  operation.  This  is 
particularly  true  of  the  marbles.  It  would  seem  that  the  heavy 
blows  of  the  high  explosives  cause  fine  initial  cracks  which  do 
not  appear  while  the  stone  is  being  quarried,  and  only  come  to 
light  after  it  has  been  for  some  time  in  use.  For  this  reason  it 
is  essential  whenever  quarrying  dimension  stone  to  utilize  the 
very  lowest  grade  of  explosive  possible,  and  to  economically  use 
the  low  explosives  springing  is  necessary. 

A  further  advantage  from  the  use  of  the  springing  method 
lies  in  the  fact  that  a  very  small  drill  hole  can  be  used.  As 
will  be  shown  later,  a  hole  with  a  diameter  of  2  inches  costs  a 
good  deal  less  money  to  drill  than  one  of  3  inches,  and  there- 
fore when  springing  makes  a  hole  with  a  diameter  of  if"  at 
the  bottom  adequately  large,  it  is  likely  to  greatly  reduce  the 
drilling  cost. 

Theoretical  Disadvantages  of  Springing.  When  it  is  not 
desired  to  break  up  the  stone,  but  to  quarry  it  in  large  rectangular 
pieces  with  as  small  waste  as  possible,  the  holes  must  be  compar- 
atively small,  close  together  and  loaded  throughout  almost  their 
entire  length.  Under  these  circumstances  chambering  is  not 
feasible. 

The  "practical  man"  will  often  urge  against  springing  the 
theory  that  the  shaking  from  the  springing  shots  may  cause 
debris  to  fall  into  the  hole  if  the  rock  be  soft.  We  have  inves- 
tigated some  cases  of  such  objections,  certified  to  by  contractors 
with  great  vigor,  but  have  never  yet  found  them  justified  by  the 
facts.  Wherever  the  chambering  method  is  feasible  we  have  found 
it  to  be  highly  economic. 

The  Cushioning  Effect  of  Air  and  Water.  When  the 
cartridge  does  not  completely  fill  the  hole  there  is  an  air  space 
which  acts  as  a  cushion  to  the  expanding  gases  and  lessens  the 
sharpness  of  the  blow  which  these  strike  at  the  rock.  This 
condition  should  be  carefully  avoided  by  having  the  cartridge 


BLASTING  AND  EXPLOSIVES  15 

of  a  size  to  fill  the  hole,  or  by  carefully  slitting  the  cartridges 
before  loading,  except  where  the  powder  at  hand  is  of  too  high 
a  grade  for  the  rock.  The  grade  of  powder  can  be  artificially 
lowered  by  purposely  having  such  a  cushion  in  the  hole,  but  it 
should  be  emphasized  that  the  correct  grade  of  explosive  is  less 
expensive  than  this  kind  of  cushion.  A  somewhat  different  effect 
is  produced  by  a  cushion  of  water.  When  the  hole  is  full  of 
water  the  most  economic  results  are  obtained  with  the  powder 
thoroughly  compressed  into  the  hole  in  the  rock.  The  over- 
lying water  then  forms  a  sort  of  imperfect  tamping.  When  the 
powder  is  not  thoroughly  packed  and  is  surrounded  by  water, 
the  cushioning  effect  is  very  considerable. 

Simultaneous  Explosions.  Most  blasting  is  done  nowadays 
by  electric  firing,  the  holes  being  detonated  together.  This 
simultaneous  firing,  according  to  Eissler,  is  25%  more  effective 
in  breaking  the  rock  than  when  holes  are  fired  consecutively. 
A  corollary  to  this  is  that  the  maximum  effectiveness  can  be 
obtained  when  the  largest  number  of  holes  possible  is  fired 
together;  a  second  corollary  is  that  it  is  not  economic  to  buy 
a  low  powered  blasting  machine,  or  to  neglect  to  have  those  on 
hand  kept  in  good  repair. 

Blasting  Machines.  These  are  simply  hand-operated  dyna- 
mos; they  do  not  require  recharging,  but  with  ordinary  use  should 
be  overhauled  once  every  two  or  three  months.  Leaving  the 
blasting  machine  two  or  three  nights  in  a  damp  place  will  tend 
to  induce  short  circuiting  in  the  coils,  and  has  frequently  been 
the  cause  of  great  expense  through  partial  blasts.  These  machines 
should  give  a  current  of  two  or  three  amperes  with  an  intensity 
of  one  volt  for  each  fuse.  Where  an  electric  light  main  of  suitable 
potential  is  at  hand  the  blasting  machine  proper  can  be  dispensed 
with,  but  an  actual  experiment  should  be  made  before  depending 
upon  this  method,  firing  the  actual  number  of  fuses  to  be  used 
in  blasts. 

Spacing  of  Blast  Holes.  No  absolute  rule  can  be  given  for 
the  spacing  of  the  holes.  The  cost  of  powder  per  cubic  yard  of 
rock  may  be  a  little  greater  if  the  holes  are  spaced  far  apart  than 
otherwise,  but  not  much  greater,  whereas  the  cost  per  cubic  yard 


16 


ROCK  DRILLING 


of  rock  excavated  for  drilling  and  blasting  will  vary  inversely  as 
the  square  root  of  the  distance  between  the  holes.  Thus,  if  the 
holes  are  spaced  6'  apart  and  are  10'  deep  there  will  be  13.3 
cubic  yards  excavated  per  hole.  If  the  distance  between  the  holes 
is  half  of  this  or  3',  there  will  be  excavated  3  J  yards  per  hole,  or 
one-quarter  the  performance  in  the  former  case.  In  practice,  a 
common  rule  is  to  make  the  distance  of  a  hole  back  from  the 
face  equal  to  its  depth;  another  rule  is  to  make  this  distance 
three-quarters  of  its  depth.  In  stratified  rock  the  holes  can  some- 
times be  placed  a  distance  apart  considerably  greater  than  their 
depth,  and,  when  the  rock  is  laminated  with  a  heavy  dip,  the 
distance  between  the  holes  parallel  to  the  direction  of  the 
strike,  can  be  considerably  different  from  the  distance  in  the 
other  direction.  Which  distance  is  to  be  the  greater  will  depend 
upon 

(a)  The  grade  of  explosive. 

(b)  The  friability  of  the  rock  in  the  different  directions. 

CUBIC  YARDS   OF  MATERIAL  LOOSENED  PER    FOOT 


IO'Q" 

0.370 

0.741 

I.  II 

.48 

1.85 

2.22 

2-59 

2.96 

3-33 

3-70 

96 

0-352 

0.704 

I.  06 

.41 

1.76 

2.  II 

2.46 

2.82 

3-*7 

3-52 

9  o 

o-333 

0.66? 

1.  00 

-33 

1.67 

2.00 

2-33 

2.67 

3-oo 

3-33 

8  6 

0-3*5 

0.630 

0-944 

.26 

i-57 

.89 

2.20 

2.52 

2-83 

3-i5 

8  o 

0.296 

0-593 

0.889 

.19 

1.48 

.78 

2.07 

2-37 

2.67 

2.96 

,    76 

0.278 

o.S56 

0-833 

-ii 

J-39 

.67 

1.94 

2.22 

2.50 

2.78 

£    7  o 

0.259 

0.519 

0.778 

.04 

1.30 

-56 

.82 

2.07 

2-33 

2-59 

s  6  6 

0.241 

0.481 

0.722 

0.963 

1.20 

-44 

-69 

i-93 

2.17 

2.41 

'-2  6  0 

O.222 

0.444 

0.667 

0.889 

I.  II 

-33 

-56 

1.78 

2.OO 

2.  22 

5  56 

O.2O4 

0.407 

0.611 

0.815 

1.02 

.22 

-42 

1.63 

I-83 

2.O4 

1  50 

0.185 

0.370 

0-556 

0.741 

0.926 

.11 

-30 

1.48 

1.67 

.85 

.246 

0.167 

o-333 

0.500 

0.667 

0-833 

.00 

•J7 

!-33 

1.50 

.67 

M    4  0 

0.148 

0.296 

0-444 

o-593 

0.741 

0.889 

.04 

1.19 

i-33 

.48 

'§    3  6 

0.130 

0.259 

0.389 

0-5*9 

0.648 

0.778 

0.907 

1.04 

1.17 

•30 

OH      7    O 
C/3      °> 

O.III 

0.222 

o-333 

0.444 

0.556 

0.667 

0.778 

0.889 

I.  00 

.  II 

2   6 

0.093 

0.185 

0.278 

0.370 

0.463 

O-SS6 

0.648 

0.741 

0-833 

0.926 

2   0 

0.074 

0.148 

0.222 

0.296 

0.370 

0.444 

0.519 

o-593 

0.667 

0.741 

i  6 

0.056 

O.III 

0.167 

0.222 

0.278 

0-333 

0.389 

0-444 

0.500 

O-SS6 

I    0 

0.037 

0.074 

O.III 

0.148 

0.185 

0.222 

0.259 

0.296 

o-333 

0.370 

o  6 

O.OI9 

0.037 

0.056 

0.074 

0.093 

O.III 

0.130 

0.148 

0.167 

0.185 

o'o" 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

Spacing  in  feet. 


BLASTING  AND   EXPLOSIVES 


17 


(c)  The  amount  and  size  of  fissures. 

(d)  The  character  of  the  loading,  whether  throughout  the  hole 

or  in  chambers. 

As  stated  above,  no  hard  and  fast  rule  can  be  laid  down. 

The  accompanying  table  gives  the  yardage  of  rock  loosened 
per  lineal  foot  of  hole  when  the  holes  are  arranged  in  regular 
rows. 

In  some  large  blast  firing  in  France  11.7  cubic  yards  of  rock 
were  loosened  with  one  pound  of  powder.  The  rules  in  this 
practice  were  as  follows: 

1.  Distance    between    powder    chambers    should    equal    the 

thickness  of  the  rock  above  them. 

2.  The  face  left  after  a  blast  should  be  as  nearly  vertical  as 

possible. 

3.  With  one  powder  chamber  only,  the  distance  from  its  center 

to  the  face  of  the  quarry  and  to  the  top  of  the  mass 
should  be  equal. 

OF  DRILL  HOLE   WITH   VARIOUS   SPACINGS   OF  HOLES. 


4.07 

4.44 

4-82 

5-J9 

5-56 

5-93 

6.30 

6.67 

7.04 

7-41 

IQ'O" 

3-87 

4.22 

4-57 

4-93 

5-28 

5-63 

5-98 

6-33 

6.69 

7.04 

96 

3.67 

4.00 

4-33 

4-67 

5-oo 

5-33 

5-67 

6.00 

6-33 

6.67 

9  o 

3-46 

3-78 

4-09 

4.41 

4-72 

5-°4 

5-35 

5-67 

5-98 

6.30 

8  6 

3.26 

3-56 

3-85 

4-i5 

4-44 

4-74 

5-04 

5-33 

5-63 

5-93 

8  o 

3.06 

3-33 

3.61 

3-89 

4-17 

4-44 

4-72 

5-0° 

5-28 

5.56 

?6    „ 

2.85 

3-11 

3-37 

3-63 

3-89 

4-15 

4.41 

4.67 

4-93 

5-!9 

7  o  >g 

2.65 

2.89 

3-i3 

3-37 

3-6i 

3-85 

4.09 

4-33 

4-57 

4.82 

66    g. 

2.44 

2.67 

2.89 

3-11 

3-33 

3.56 

3-78 

4.00 

4.22 

4-44 

6  o   en 

2.24 

2-44 

2.65 

2-85 

3-o6 

3.26 

3-46 

3-67 

3-87 

4.07 

56  H" 

5* 

2.04 

2.22 

2.41 

2-59 

2.78 

2.96 

3-i5 

3-33 

3-52 

3-7o 

50    ft 

1.83 

2.00 

2.17 

2-33 

2.50 

2.67 

2-83 

3-oo 

3-*7 

3-33 

46    § 

1.63 

!.78 

r-93 

2.07 

2.22 

2-37 

2.52 

2.67 

2.82 

2.96 

40    * 

1.42 

1-56 

1.69 

1.82 

1-94 

2.07 

2.20 

2-33 

2.46 

2-59 

36    3 

1.22 

!-33 

i-44 

i-56 

1.67 

1.78 

1.89 

2.00 

2.  II 

2.  22 

3°  ? 

1.02 

i.  ii 

1.20 

1.30 

i-39 

1.48 

i-57 

1.67 

I.76 

1.85 

2    6 

0.815 

0.889 

0.963 

1.04 

i.  ii 

1.19 

1.26 

i-33 

I.4I 

I.48 

2   0 

0.611 

0.667 

0.722 

0.778 

0-833 

0.889 

0-944 

1.  00 

1.  06 

I.  II 

i  6 

0.407 

0.444 

0.481 

0.519 

°-556 

o-593 

0.630 

0.667 

0.704 

0.741 

I    O 

0.204 

O.222 

0.241 

0.259 

0.278 

0.296 

°-3I5 

0-333 

o-35  2 

0.370 

o  6 

ii 

12 

?3 

14 

15 

16 

*7 

18 

19 

20 

o'o" 

Spacing  in  feet. 


18  ROCK  DRILLING 

One  of  the  most  satisfactory  rules  in  blasting  is  to  avoid  so 
loading  the  holes  as  to  throw  much  rock  into  the  air.  If  a 
dense  brown  smoke  with  pieces  of  rock  be  thrown  high  in  the 
air  with  each  blast,  the  holes  are  too  heavily  loaded,  or  the  bulk 
of  the  charge  was  not  placed  low  enough  in  the  hole. 


CHAPTER  II 
DRILLING  ON   LAND 

THE  problem  of  drilling  is  closely  related  to  that  of  blasting, 
since  primarily  the  object  of  the  drill  holes  is  to  enable  the  process 
of  blasting  to  take  place.  Any  method  that  decreases  the 
number  of  the  holes  per  cubic  yard  blasted  through  increasing 
the  area  covered  by  each  hole,  will  also  decrease  the  cost  of 
drilling  nearly  in  direct  proportion  to  the  decrease  in  the  number 
of  feet  of  hole  per  cubic  yard  of  rock  excavated. 

Power  Drilling.  To  the  casual  observer  a  steam  drill 
hammering  away  indefatigably  and  with  a  tremendous  racket 
seems  an  instrument  peculiarly  well  adapted  for  its  work  and 
hardly  admissable  to  criticism  as  to  its  performance;  but  to  the 
expert  after  careful  study  and  patient  investigation  the  power 
drill  appeals  as  presenting  one  of  the  most  difficult  economic  prob- 
lems to  master,  one  of  the  most  perverse  machines  to  handle,  and 
one  of  the  most  complex  tools  ever  invented.  To  improve  on  it, 
however,  is  another  story. 

In  the  first  place,  the  economic  conditions  which  govern  the 
drilling  problem  include  the  following: 

1.  Hardness  of  the  rock. 

2.  The  sludging  characteristics  of  the  rock. 

3.  Irregularities  in  the  rock. 

4.  Whether  steam  or  air  is  used. 

5.  Pressure  in  the  boiler  or  air  chamber. 

6.  Diameter  of  the  pipe  connection. 

7.  Length  of  the  pipe  connection. 

8.  The  number  of  drills  working  at  the  same  time  and  draw- 
ing pressure  from  the  same  reservoir. 

9.  The  diameter  of  the  drill  cylinder, 
lo.  The  stroke  of  the  piston. 

19 


20  ROCK  DRILLING 

11.  The  type  of  the  drill. 

12.  The  weight  of  the  moving  parts. 

13.  The  cut-off  in  the  steam  chest. 

14.  The  convenience  of  the  arrangement  for  changing  bits  on 
each  machine. 

15.  The  weight  of  the  drill  and  the  kind  of  mounting. 

1 6.  Depth  of  hole. 

17.  Diameter  of  hole. 

1 8.  The  rate  of  decrease  in  the  diameter  of  successive  bits. 

19.  The  shape  of  the  bit. 

20.  The  nature  of  the  drill  steel. 

21.  The  skill  of  the  blacksmith. 

22.  The  kind  of  coal  at  the  blacksmith's  disposal. 

23.  The  direction  of  the  hole. 

24.  The  use  of  water  for  pouring  into  the  hole. 

25.  The  use  of  a  powerful  water  jet  in  the  hole. 

26.  The  use  of  a  hollow  bit  with  a  water  or  air  jet. 

27.  The  wages  of  the  driller  and  helper. 

28.  The  amount  of  mucking  necessary. 

29.  The  cost  of  power,  including  the  cost  of  fuel. 

In  addition  to  these  are  the  following,  which  may  be  classed 
as  general  causes  having  a  peculiar  effect  upon  drilling  work: 

1.  Steam  leakage  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  drills  and  con- 
densing steam  around  the  men. 

2.  Wind,  in  combination  with  cold  weather. 

3.  Elevation  above  sea  level,  or  barometric  pressure. 

It  is  at  once  apparent  that  any  economic  rule  for  taking  into 
consideration  all  of  these  specific  factors,  with  a  number  of 
general  ones  in  addition,  is  enormously  difficult  to  compose. 
The  general  effect  of  each  of  the  above  conditions,  however, 
can  be  predicated  with  some  accuracy,  and  thus  the  best  pro- 
cedure for  any  given  case  can  be  determined. 

Hardness  of  the  Rock.  From  the  diagrams  on  pp.  60-63, 
under  the  caption  "  Time  Study,"  it  is  apparent  that  in  the 
hard  rocks  and  the  very  soft  rocks  the  actual  time  of  cutting  is 
a  very  great  factor  in  the  total  expense,  whereas  in  the  medium 
soft  rocks  and  the  very  soft  rocks  under  favorable  conditions, 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  21 

the  cutting  speed  is  so  great  as  to  make  actual  cutting  take  up 
a  comparatively  small  percentage  of  the  total  time. 

The  hard  rocks  require  a  heavy  blow  with  a  sharp  tool  in 
order  to  break  them  up,  and  if  other  conditions  are  equal, 
the  amount  of  work  necessary  to  excavate  a  hole  will  be  pro- 
portional to  the  hardness  of  the  rock. 

Sludging  Characteristics  of  the  Rock.  When  the  very 
soft  rocks  are  reached  in  the  application  of  this  rule  the  cutting 
is  so  fast  that  the  amount  of  pulverized  material  or  sludge  formed 
is  so  great  as  to  make  a  cushion  for  the  bit  on  the  downward 
stroke  and  a  clog  to  the  bit  on  the  upward  stroke.  The  shales 
will  often  form  a  sludge  containing  such  proportions  of  large 
and  small  particles  as  to  cake  on  the  bit  and  make  it  difficult, 
if  not  impossible,  to  draw  the  bit  out  of  the  hole.  Two  kinds  of 
delays  to  the  action  of  the  drill  result.  The  first,  or  cushioning 
effect,  prevents  the  drill  from  cutting  rapidly  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  run  of  each  bit;  the  other  is  that  caused  by  the  sticking 
of  the  bit.  The  sludge  above  the  bit  settles  in  the  hole  about  6 
inches  above  the  bottom  and  not  only  cakes  on  the  bit  but  also 
on  the  side  of  the  hole,  and  after  a  few  strokes  the  bit  jams. 
Under  these  conditions  drilling  is  one  of  the  most  painful  proc- 
esses in  the  world.  The  efforts  of  the  driller  to  loosen  the 
drill  by  striking  it  on  the  steel  just  above  the  top  of  the  hole 
are  destructive  of  tool,  equipment,  temper,  and  time.  After  the 
drill  has  become  stuck  one  or  more  of  the  following  remedies 
should  be  applied: 

(a)  Run  a  powerful  water  jet  through  a  pipe  down  to  the 
bottom   of   the   hole   and   work   up    and   down.     This   is   very 
effective  in  loosening  up  the  bit  and  will  also  enable  a  new  bit 
to  descend   promptly   to  the   bottom    of    the  hole  so  that   the 
shank  will  pass  over  the  head  of  the  bit  without  the  necessity 
of  the  helper  dismounting  and  raising  one  of  the  legs  of  the 
tripod. 

(b)  Strike  the  drill  steel  as  low  as  possible  with  the  dolly 
bar  or  wrench. 

(c)  Put  the  dolly  bar  on  the  steel  and  pull  as  hard  as  possible 
while  the  helper  attempts  to  crank  up. 


22  ROCK  DRILLING 

(d)  If  the  material  varies  much  in  hardness  drop  a  handful 
of  pieces  of  cast  iron  the  size  of  hazel-nuts  into  the  hole. 

(e)  Shut  off  the  pressure,  crank  up,   turn  the  pressure  on 
again  and  try  to  work  the  bit  down  into  the  hole  while  striking 
slowly.     This  must  be  done  with  great  caution,  else  the  piston 
will  break  the  cylinder-head  casting. 

(/)  With  the  dolly  bar  revolve  the  steel  in  the  'hole  while 
the  helper  is  cranking  up  and,  if  necessary,  help  with  a  little 
steam  or  air. 

(g)  While  the  drill  is  working  churn  up  and  down  in  the  hole 
with  a  thin  strip  of  hickory. 

(h)  Ascertain  whether  the  drill  is  correctly  set  up  in  align- 
ment with  the  axis  of  the  hole;  if  not,  correct  the  position  of 
the  drill. 

It  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  rock-drilling  process  that  the  sludge 
which  is  formed  in  the  drill  hole  contains  fine  and  large  grains 
in  such  proportion  that  when  mixed  with  a  little  water  the  mass 
is  pasty,  and  in  this  condition  it  retards  the  cutting  process  very 
much.  When  water  is  poured  into  the  hole  in  small  quantities 
it  loosens  up  the  sludge  and  tends  to  prevent  the  bit  from 
sticking;  but  if  poured  into  the  hole  in  comparatively  large 
quantities,  say,  a  quart  in  granite  or  6  quarts  in  shale,  there  is  a 
decided  tendency  for  the  finer  particles  of  the  sludge  to  rise, 
while  the  larger  pieces  ranging  in  diameter  from  about  -}Q"  to 
nearly  J"  (in  the  case  of  shale)  settle  to  the  bottom,  get  under 
the  bit  and  are  themselves  again  pulverized  into  still  finer 
material,  meanwhile  greatly  obstructing  the  progress  of  the 
drilling. 

To  remove  this  sludge  as  fast  as  it  forms  is  theoretically  and 
practically  the  best  method  of  hastening  the  speed  of  drilling. 
In  the  softer  shales  the  amount  of  sludge  formed  is  so  great 
that  water  poured  into  the  hole  only  serves  to  make  a  paste  that 
nearly  fills  the  hole  itself.  When  the  sludge  is  very  thick,  as 
happens  in  the  shales,  the  hole  must  be  pumped  out  once  for 
every  foot  of  progress. 

One  very  effective  way  of  overcoming  the  necessity  of  pump- 
ing twice  for  each  bit  is  to  keep  churning  up  and  down  in  the 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  23 

hole  with  a  hickory  wand  of  the  same  size  as  a  barrel  hoop.  The 
material  for  these  can  be  bought  in  small  bales  in  the  principal 
cities.  These  wooden  sticks,  worked  up  and  down  by  the  drill 
runner,  have  the  effect  of  keeping  the  sludge  stirred  up  and 
away  from  the  bit  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole,  which  results  in  a 
great  increase  in  the  number  of  blows  per  minute,  and,  con- 
sequently, in  faster  cutting.  Just  how  much  material  they 
remove  from  under  the  bit  itself  is  somewhat  problematical, 
but  the  general  effect  in  the  soft  shales  is  to  approximately 
double  the  cutting  speed.  The  method  is  of  special  advantage 
in  very  cold  weather  when  it  is  not  easy  to  use  water  jets  and 
when  the  men  like  violent  exercise  to  enable  them  to  keep  warm. 
In  warm  weather,  the  physical  exertion  necessary  to  work  a  wand 
in  a  lo-foot  hole  is  so  great  as  to  make  it  hard  to  keep  the  men 
at  it  vigorously;  and  if  not  vigorously  used  the  wands  are  of 
little  use. 

Jets.  A  jet  of  water  introduced  into  the  hole  through  a 
hollow  bit  or  a  small  pipe  is  the  most  effective  means  of  clear- 
ing away  the  sludge.  The  water  keeps  the  material  away  from 
the  bottom  of  the  hole  and  allows  the  drill  to  cut  about  three 
times  as  fast  in  the  soft  rocks  as  before.  It  is  necessary  to  have 
the  jet  sufficient  in  pressure  and  also  in  volume.  If  insufficient 
in  pressure  the  speed  of  the  moving  water  will  not  be  enough 
to  move  the  larger  particles  of  stone,  while  if  not  in  sufficient 
quantity  the  water  will  move  the  sludge  from  the  point  of  the 
bit  only  to  let  it  settle  and  cake  higher  up  on  the  bit.  It  will 
then  be  difficult  to  get  the  bit  out  of  the  hole  at  all,  and  the 
entire  method  will  be  dubbed  useless  by  the  "practical  men." 

Aitken  states  that  in  trap  rock  the  use  of  water  reduces  the 
time  .of  drilling  by  30%,  and  this  is  borne  out  by  the  remarka- 
ble results  shown  in  the  diagram  on  p.  62.  These  observations 
apply  more  particularly  to  holes  with  a  downward  dip.  When 
driving  holes  that  point  upward  the  dry  powder  has  a  tendency 
to  run  out  of  the  hole.  With  a  rapidly  moving  drill  this  is  pro- 
ductive of  a  cloud  of  dust  which  is  distressing  to  the  men  and 
obstructive  to  the  work.  A  jet  of  air  played  upon  the  mouth 
of  the  hole  is  the  remedy  for  this  trouble. 


24  ROCK  DRILLING 

When  the  holes  are  nearly  horizontal  a  jet  of  air  into  the 
hole,  rather  than  the  water  jet,  should  greatly  economize  the 
process.  Always  the  rule  is  to  get  the  cut  rock  away  from 
under  the  working  bit  as  cleanly  and  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

Mr.  H.  P.  Stow  1  reports  an  experiment  in  which  the  same 
miner  drilled  three  equal  shifts  of  similar  holes  with  the  follow- 
ing performance,  using  a  2\"  drill: 

Without  water,       32  ft.,  using  38  bits. 
Bailing,  41  f  ft.,  using  33  bits. 

With  jet  of  water,  52  ft.,  using  37  bits, 

This  is  a  gain  of  30%  for  bailing,  and  62  J%  with  the  jet  over 
the  dry  holes  per  unit  of  total  working  time. 

Theory  of  the  Action  of  the  Water  Jet.  According  to  the 
experiments  of  Rittinger,  as  described  in  Engineering  Contracting, 
Vol.  XXIX,  p.  84,  after  a  fall  of  short  distance,  grains  of  sand 
or  rock  will  descend  through  water  at  a  fixed  and  constant  speed. 
Up  to  about  0.4"  in  diameter  the  formula  for  this  speed  is  as 
follows  : 


where  v  =  speed  of  fall  in  inches  per  second; 
d  =  diameter  of  falling  grain  in  inches; 
G  =  specific  gravity  of  grain. 

This  formula  relates  to  "average  grains"  and  gives  their 
velocity  when  falling  through  still  water  after  they  have  attained 
a  constant  velocity.  Rounded  grains  have  a  velocity  about 
10%  greater,  and  flat  grains  have  a  velocity  of  about  20%  less 
than  "average  grains." 

In  1894  Prof.  Robert  H.  Richards  2  made  public  the  results 
of  a  large  number  of  experiments  on  grains  falling  through 
water.  The  grains  were  all  very  small,  none  being  larger  than 
0.08".  They  were  allowed  to  fall  through  8  feet  of  water. 
Richards  found  that  for  quartz  grains  the  velocity  was 


1  Mining  and  Scientific  Press. 

2  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Vol.  XXTV,  p.  409. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  25 

According  to  Rittinger,  with  quartz  having  a  specific  gravity 
of  2.64,  the  velocity  would  be 

v  =  2o\/d. 

Since  civil  engineers  and  contractors  rarely  have  to  excavate 
rock  much  heavier  than  quartz,  it  will  be  safe  to  use  Richards' 
formula, 


In  order  to  lift  grains  of  rock  vertically  by  means  of  an 
upward  rising  current  of  water,  the  vertical  velocity  of  the  water 
must  exceed  the  velocity  that  those  grains  would  attain  when 
falling  through  still  water.  This  is  clearly  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciple to  be  used  in  calculating  the  quantity  of  water  required 
to  keep  a  drill  hole  free  of  sludge  by  means  of  a  water  jet.  Let 
A  be  the  area  in  square  inches  of  the  drill  hole  not  occupied 
by  the  steel  at  its  mouth,  then, 


(i) 


when  /  =  diameter  of  drill  steel,  D  being  the  diameter  of  the  hole 
in  inches. 

Let  Q  be  the  number  of  gallons  of  water  per  minute  rising 
through  the  drill  hole,  as  delivered  by  the  water  jet;   then 


(2) 


v  being  the  velocity  of  the  rising  current  of  water  in  inches  per 
second.     There  are   231    cu.ins.   per  gallon,   hence  the   231   in 
the  denominator.     The  60  in  the  numerator  is  introduced  to 
reduce  a  velocity  (v)  of  inches  per  second  to  inches  per  minute. 
Substituting  for  A  its  value  given  in  Eq.  (i)  we  have 


^231 


26  ROCK  DRILLING 

Now,   according   to    Richards'    formula   for   the   velocity   of 
grains  falling  through  still  water,  we  have 

........     (4) 


If  the  v  in  Eq.  (3)  is  equal  to  the  v  in  Eq.  (4),  we  shall  have 
barely  enough  water  rising  through  the  drill  hole  to  elevate 
grains  of  sludge  having  a  diameter  d.  Hence,  combining  Eqs.  (3) 
and  (4),  we  have 


-  ^ 


231  4  231 

Substituting  for  n  its  value  3.14,  we  have 

Q  =  6.i(D2-P)\/d.     .....         (6) 

In  order  to  provide  a  small  factor  of  safety  that  will  insure 
the  delivery  of  the  grains  of  sludge  at  the  mouth  of  the  drill  hole, 
let  us  substitute  7  for  the  6.  i  in  Eq.  (6)  .  Then  we  have 

P)Vrf,.     ......     (7) 


where  Q  =  gallons  of  water  per  minute; 

D  =  diameter  of  mouth  of  drill  hole  in  inches; 
d  =  diameter  of  largest  grain  of  sludge  in  inches; 
/  =  diameter  of  drill  steel  in  inches. 

In  very  tough  rock  the  grains  of  sludge  are  often  exceedingly 
small.  Assuming  that  the  largest  grains  to  be  elevated  by  the 
water  jet  are  one-hundredth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  that  the 
hole  is  2  J"  in  diameter,  and  the  steel  J"  in  diameter,  and  applying 
Eq.  (7),  we  have 


Q  =  7  X  ^—     '--  =3.84  gallons  per  minute. 

Should  the  specific  gravity  of  the  rock  be  greater  than  2.6, 
our  formula,  Eq.  (7),  must  be  modified  in  accordance  with 
Rittinger's  formula  for  grains  falling  in  water,  above  given. 

Now  that  an  accurate  method  of  forecasting  the  amount  of 
water  for  removing  sludge  and  rock  chips  is  available,  there 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  27 

should  be  a  much  more  frequent  use  of  the  water  jet  in  the  future 
than  in  the  past. 

By  drying  the  sludge  and  screening  it  the  diameter  of  the 
largest  grain  to  be  lifted  by  the  current  of  water  is  readily  ascer- 
tained. It  will  be  found,  however,  that  upon  the  introduction 
of  a  water  jet  grains  of  larger  size  than  were  previously  found 
in  the  sludge  \vill  be  removed.  This  in  itself  is  one  of  the 
strongest  reasons  why  the  water  jet  increases  the  efficiency  of  a 
drill,  for  the  drill  bit  is  relieved  of  the  work  of  pulverizing  every 
chip  of  rock  that  it  loosens. 

We  have  plotted  these  formulas  in  the  accompanying  diagram 
(p.  28)  entitled  "  Chart  showing  the  quantity  of  water  in  gallons  per 
minute  required  to  remove  particles  of  sludge  from  drill  holes." 
To  use  this  chart,  obtain  the  squares  of  the  diameters  of  the 
hole  of  the  drill  steel  and  of  the  grains  of  sludge.  Thus  if  the 
diameter  of  the  hole  at  the  top  is  3",  that  of  the  drill  steel  £" 
and  of  the  sludge  •£$",  the  expression 

D2  —  l2  =  g  sq.ins.— 0.56  sq.in.=8.44  sq.ins. 

This  is  so  nearly  9  sq.ins.  that  on  the  diagram  we  can  use 
the  line  representing  9  sq.ins.  which  cuts  the  vertical  line  for  a 
diameter  of  grain  equivalent  to  a  aV'  at  the  point  corresponding 
to  14.1  gallons  per  minute.  The  theoretical  amount  of  water 
necessary,  then,  is  a  little  less  than  14  gallons  per  minute. 

In  practice,  when  working  in  the  hole  the  portion  of  the 
bit  at  the  point  of  the  drill  is  in  a  very  much  more  confined 
space  than  that  above.  In  addition  to  this  the  drill  is  churn- 
ing the  water  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole  tremendously,  so 
that  large  particles  will  be  caused  to  float  in  the  hole  above 
the  bottom  but  will  not  be  lifted  out  by  the  upward  current 
of  water.  It  thus  happens  that  upon  stopping  the  drill  to 
change  bits  it  is  advisable  to  put  an  extra  jet  into  the  hole 
while  the  helper  is  cranking  up,  in  order  to  wash  out  as  many 
of  the  large  particles  as  possible.  At  the  best,  with  an  ordinary 
jet  there  will  be  a  considerable  number  of  grains,  varying  from 
J"  up  in  the  very  soft  rocks,  which  settle  down  into  the  holes 
after  the  bit  has  been  withdrawn,  to  a  depth  of  one  or  two 


28 


ROCK  DRILLING 


inches.  These  cannot  easily  be  removed  by  the  pump.  When 
the  following  bit  is  dropped  into  the  hole,  if  it  does  not  descend 
sufficiently  to  admit  of  the  drill  chuck  passing  over  the  shank, 


0.05' 


Diam.  of  Grains 
0.10"  0.15"  0.20" 


=7(DM2)  \ld 
D=diam.of  hole 
1=    "       "Steel 
d—   "        "  particle 


CHART. 

Showing  Quantity  of  Water  in  Gallons  per  Min. 
Required  to  Remove  Particles  of  Sludge  from 
Drill  Hole. 


0.05' 


0.10"  0.15"  0.20" 

Diameter  of  Grains 

FlG.  i. 


0.25' 


it  can  be  immediately  caused  to  settle  down  by  pushing  one  of 
the  jet  pipes  into  the  hole.  As  soon  as  the  jet  is  within  a  few 
inches  of  the  bottom  it  stirs  up  the  small  particles  of  broken 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  29 

stone  and  the  bit  then  descends  by  its  own  weight.  It  takes 
about  one  minute  to  teach  the  ordinary  drill  runner  this  trick, 
but  usually  they  will  discover  it  themselves  in  the  first  few  minutes 
of  work  if  they  have  not  been  instructed. 

The  first  thing  that  the  fresh  bit  does  after  getting  to  work 
is  to  break  up  these  pieces  which  the  jet  will  then  take  out  of 
the  hole.  It  should  be  noted  that  when  operated  in  this 
manner  there  is  practically  no  pumping  to  be  done,  and  thus 
the  time  of  changing  bits  can  be  materially  reduced. 

Attention  has  been  called  to  the  use  of  hollow  drill  steel  and 
a  special  arrangement  for  jetting  water  into  the  hole  through  the 
bit;  if  this  equipment  be  not  at  hand,  we  have  found  that  the 
best  arrangement  is  to  use  a  half-inch  hose  as  long  as  may  be 
necessary,  with  a  30"  length  of  f"  iron  pipe  inserted  about  3" 
in  the  end  of  the  hose.  When  a  small  hole  is  drilled  it  is 
sometimes  advisable  to  have  the  blacksmith  taper  the  f "  pipe 
slightly,  but  when  the  smallest  bit  has  a  diameter  of  2f"  this 
is  not  necessary. 

To  fasten  the  pipe  into  the  hose  it  is  only  necessary  to 
pull  the  rubber  over  the  end  of  the  pipe  for  about  3" '.  When 
in  the  drill  hole,  if  the  pipe  is  pulled,  the  rubber  contracts 
around  the  end  of  the  pipe,  thus  holding  it  very  firmly.  The 
weight  of  the  pipe  keeps  the  hose  down  in  the  hole  and  by 
reducing  the  diameter  of  the  stream  gives  an  extra  speed  to  the 
water  where  speed  will  do  the  most  good.  The  working  of  the 
bit,  when  the  X  bit  is  used,  as  it  should  be,  keeps  the  end  of  the 
pipe  from  descending  lower  than  about  6"  above  the  bottom  of 
the  hole. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  get  sufficient  head  of  water  to  work 
such  a  jet  to  the  best  advantage,  excepting  in  hard  rocks,  unless 
a  force  pump  be  used.  We  have  used  a  small  Deane  Duplex 
pump  with  2 JX4"  cylinders,  running  at  90  revolutions  per 
minute  and  operating  six  jets.  At  this  speed  each  jet  threw 
about  6  gallons  per  minute  with  pressure  of  about  100  Ibs.  per 
sq.in.  through  a  5o-foot  length  of  the  half-inch  hose,  which  was 
coupled  to  a  " manifold,"  taking  water  from  a  i"  discharge  pipe 
from  the  pump.  When  the  pump  was  operated  at  a  higher 


30  ROCK  DRILLING 

speed  than  this  it  was  found  that  the  hose  had  a  tendency  to 
twist  and  squirm,  so  that  with  this  arrangement  6  gallons  of 
water  per  minute  is  about  the  limit  for  one  jet.  For  grains  of 
rock  with  a  diameter  of  TV'  reference  to  the  diagram  shows 
that  the  expression  D2  —  l2  must  be  about  3  sq.ins.  for  one 
jet  or  about  6  sq.ins.  for  two  jets.  The  use  of  this  arrange- 
ment is  not  practical  in  holes  of  so  small  an  area,  con- 
sequently the  larger  grains  will  never  entirely  be  removed  from 
the  hole  by  the  jet,  according  to  our  experience  in  practice. 
Where  a  3"  bit  and  two  jets  are  used,  the  largest  average 
diameter  of  a  piece  that  will  come  out  of  the  top  of  the  hole  is 
about  -fa." 

The  facts  above  enumerated  explain  why  the  use  of  a  water 
jet  has  been  condemned  in  the  soft  rocks  by  many  so-called 
"practical  men."  They  have  from  time  to  time  experimented, 
in  a  half-hearted  sort  of  way  and  with  an  insufficient  head  of 
water,  and  therefore  the  amount  of  the  large  grains  that  would 
not  come  out  has  often  been  enough  to  clog  the  bit.  For  the 
benefit  of  future  experimenters  we  wish  to  say  that  we  have 
always  known  the  jet  to  work  admirably  even  in  the  very  softest 
rocks,  when  as  much  as  6  gallons  per  minute  was  forced  through 
each  jet  pipe.  In  very  cold  weather  these  small  pipes  are 
likely  to  freeze,  and  it  takes  at  least  half  the  time  of  one 
man  to  care  for  the  pump  and  keep  a  half-dozen  jets  going.  In 
moderate  weather  a  small  pump  of  this  type  can  be  placed 
upon  the  boiler  that  furnishes  the  drills  with  steam-  and  when 
oiled  twice  a  day  will  run  almost  without  attention.  It  should 
be  noted  that  6  gallons  per  minute  for  each  six  jets  amounts 
to  over  2000  gallons  of  water  per  hour,  which  in  dry  weather 
might  be  a  heavy  strain  on  the  water  supply.  This,  however, 
will  carry  away  about  10%  of  its  volume  of  sludge.  Where  it 
is  desirable  to  pump  the  hole  out  clean,  it  is  well  to  stop  the 
bit  in  the  soft  rocks  when  the  drill  has  about  5"  more  to  cut; 
thus,  there  will  be  sufficient  thick  sludge  in  the  hole  to  make 
pumping  feasible.  One  of  the  standard  sets  of  instructions  for 
this  work  is  here  given: 

Rules  for  Drill  Jets.     "  In  shaley  rock  of  rather  soft  quality 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  31 

in  which  under  the  jet  a  ${"  drill  will  drive  a  3"  bit  12"  per 
minute. 

"These  rules  apply  to  the  use  of  a  jet  in  which  the  nozzle  has 
a  diameter  of  f  "  and  the  water  pressure  is  100  Ibs.  per  sq.in. 

"  As  soon  as  the  drill  is  set  up  and  the  first  bit  placed,  get  ready 
with  the  jet,  start  the  drill  and  direct  the  jet  into  the  hole  under 
the  bit  as  soon  as  it  has  cut  about  i".  From  this  time  on  keep 
the  jet  in  the  hole  with  the  nozzle  of  the  pipe  as  near  as  possi- 
ble to  the  working  end  of  the  bit. 

"Let  the  nozzle  follow  the  bit  down  into  the  hole  until  you 
see  by  the  drill  stem  that  the  drill  has  about  5"  more  to  go 
before  finishing  the  cut.  Then  immediately  withdraw  the  jet 
and  allow  the  bit  to  finish  this  cut.  You  will  have  plenty  of 
time  after  taking  out  the  jet  to  handle  the  throttle  and  wrench. 
By  taking  out  the  jet  before  the  cut  is  finished  there  is  left 
enough  sludge  in  the  hole  to  make  it  very  easy  to  pump  the  hole 
clean. 

"When  the  hole  has  been  cleaned,  which  should  be  done 
thoroughly,  put  in  the  next  bit  and  start  the  drill  slowly.  As 
soon  as  the  drill  has  made  about  five  strokes,  put  the  jet  in  again 
and  keep  it  there  until  you  are  within  5"  of  the  finish  of  that  cut, 
and  continue  in  the  same  way  with  the  succeeding  bits.  See 
to  it  that  the  jet  follows  the  bit  down  into  the  hole  and  once  or 
twice  for  every  cut  raise  it  about  2'  and  push  it  down  again." 

The  cost  of  operating  jets  is  approximately  as  follows: 


i  pump  at  $40.00,  interest,  depreciation,  and  repairs,  say,  50%  13.33 
300'  half-inch  hose,  at  10  cts,  interest,  depreciation  ,and  repairs, 

say,  200% 40.  oo 

Fittings,  etc 5  •  °° 

Coal 17.5° 

Pipe  fitter  i  day,  38^  cts 38. 50 

Incidentals...  10.00 


Total  per  working  day  for  6  drills 124.  oo 

Under  normal  conditions  these  jets  will  increase  the  output 
from  30  to  100%,  to  say  nothing  of  the  collateral  advantages 
gained  by  the  use  of  a  smaller  main  plant.  The  use  of  such  a 
method  as  this,  which  we  have  here  described  at  some  length, 


32  ROCK  DRILLING 

sometimes  makes  the  difference  between  a  handsome  profit  and  a 
sickening  loss  on  a  contract. 

Irregularities  in  the  Rock.  The  greatest  trouble  from 
variable  rock  occurs  in  the  faulty  shales  and  in  schists,  such 
as  those  on  Manhattan  Island.  For  the  medium  soft  rocks  a 
rather  thin  edge  to  the  drill  bit  is  preferable;  while  in  the  very 
hard  rocks  in  which  this  thin  edge  would  be  broken  the  point 
of  the  bit  must  be  at  an  obtuse  angle.  It  follows  therefore  that 
points  suitable  for  soft  rock  are  not  suitable  for  hard  material, 
and  when  a  bit  that  has  been  working  for  a  long  time  in  a 
soft  rock  strikes  a  layer  of  quartz  or  exceedingly  indurated 
shale,  so  hard  as  to  be  practically  a  trap,  the  point  will  either 
be  broken  or  so  blunted  as  to  go  out  of  business.  It  is  a  familiar 
fact  of  practice  that  a  blacksmith  who  can  make  either  of  the 
two  kinds  of  bits  almost  perfectly,  deteriorates  in  his  work  as 
soon  as  he  has  to  make  both  kinds  in  one  day.  As  soon  as  he 
has  to  change  his  temper  he  commences  to  vary  it.  This  is  one 
reason  why  the  cost  of  drilling  in  a  mixed  quality  of  rock  is 
generally  rather  higher  than  the  cost  of  drilling  in  any  one 
kind  alone. 

Where  the  rock  is  pitched,  there  is  always  a  tendency  for  the 
bit  to  work  out  of  line  in  the  hole  and  then  stick.  This  should 
be  carefully  watched.  Little  pieces  of  cast  iron  will  frequently 
help  the  bit  past  a  bad  spot  of  this  kind  without  "drifting." 

The  Use  of  Steam  or  Air.  Aside  from  the  cost  of  fuel 
the  arrangement  of  the  drills,  whether  by  steam  or  air,  has  a  good 
deal  to  do  with  the  economy  of  operation.  In  mine  work,  of 
course,  steam  is  not  practicable,  so  that  the  following  refers  to 
open  cut  operations.  In  the  first  place,  the  ordinary  hose  will  last 
a  good  deal  longer  with  air  than  when  steam  is  used;  then  again, 
the  steam  from  all  leaking  joints  and  from  the  drills  themselves 
obscures  the  drills  and  makes  it  difficult  for  the  men  to  work 
and  for  the  foreman  to  direct  them.  A  compensating  advantage 
in  the  use  of  steam  is  that  every  leak  is  at  once  noticeable.  The 
heat  from  the  steam  is  so  great  as  to  cause  expansion  in  the  drill 
cylinder,  and  this  often  results  in  broken  castings.  When  turning 
on  the  steam  at  first,  a  jet  of  hot  water  comes  out  of  the  exhaust, 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


33 


which  keeps  the  men  dodging  a  good  deal  in  confined  work. 
Air  at  60  Ibs.  pressure  will  pass  through  the  ports  with  less 
friction  than  the  same  amount  of  steam,  and  becuase  of  this 
fact  at  least  one  authority  has 
been  in  the  habit  of  estimat- 
ing that  at  the  same  pressure 
about  10%  less  in  actual  cubic 
feet  of  steam  than  air  will  be 
consumed  by  the  same  drill. 
Conversely,  in  order  to  get  the 
standard  number  of  strokes 
per  minute  it  requires  about 
10%  more  pressure  on  a  steam 
line  than  where  air  power  is 
used. 

There  is  a  rapid  radiation 
of  heat,  and  a  corresponding 
amount  of  condensation  in  a 
steam  line,  amounting  to  about 
750  pound-degrees  per  sq.ft. 
of  pipe  surface  per  hour  in 
still  air,  and  about  30%  more 
than  this  in  a  strong  wind. 
With  an  air  line  there  is  no 
such  loss  as  this,  and  for  long 
transmissions  a  steam  line  is 
at  a  great  disadvantage  unless 
it  is  heavily  lagged.  Inasmuch 
as  the  radiation  of  heat  is  pro- 
portional to  the  area  of  the 
pipe  surface  and  the  carrying 
capacity  of  the  pipe  is  proportional  to  the  area  of  the  pipe  sec- 
tion, the  larger  the  diameter  of  the  steam  pipe  line  the  less  will 
be  the  proportionate  amount  of  lost  energy  from  this  cause. 

When  compressed  air  is  used  there  is  frequently  a  choice  as 
to  what  kind  of  power  may  be  used  to  compress  the  air,  whether 
a  steam  engine,  a  gas  engine,  or  an  electric  motor. 


34  ROCK  DRILLING 

Electric  power  is  economical  in  a  number  of  instances.  It 
has  the  following  advantages  over  steam  and  gasoline : 

1.  Cleanliness,  which  is  more  of  a  luxury  than  an  economic 

advantage. 

2.  Convenience   for   operating  purposes,    in   that   no   skilled 

labor  is  required  to  turn  the  switches  on  or  off. 

3.  No  large  amount  of  housing  is  necessary. 

4.  No  cost  at  all  for  transportation  of  fuel  and  supplies,  and 

a  very  small  cost  for  transportation  of  plant. 
Among  the  disadvantages  are  the  following: 

a.  Susceptibility  to  interruption  from  storms. 

b.  The  motors  must  be  wound  to  suit  the  current  available. 

c.  Transmission  line  must  be  provided. 

d.  A  spark  or  lightning  arrester  must  be  provided. 

e.  In  case  of  the  burning  out  of  an  armature,  getting  another 

machine  on  the  ground  is  a  slow  business. 

/.  Where  much  exposed  to  the  elements  the  deterioration  of 
the  motor  is  considerable. 

h.  It  requires  an  electrician  to  operate  and  care  for  the 
plant. 

Pressure  in  the  Boiler  or  Air  Chamber.  In  a  paper 
entitled  "  Stope  Drills,"  which  we  have  elsewhere  quoted,  in  the 
case  of  eight  drills  the  depth  of  drilling  per  minute  of  actual 
running  at  50  Ibs.  per  sq.in.  pressure  varied  from  .93"  as  a 
minimum  to  1.83"  as  a  maximum,  with  an  average  of  1.343", 
while  with  60  Ibs.  pressure  the  same  drills  drilled  per  minute 
of  actual  running  time  from  1.06"  as  a  minimum  to  2.22"  as  a 
maximum,  with  an  average  of  1.733".  The  increase  of  pressure 
from  50  to  60  Ibs.  is  20%.  The  increase  in  performance  due 
to  this  increase  in  pressure  is  over  20%.  This  solitary  fact 
should  be  enough  to  convince  any  one  of  the  tremendous  economic 
advantage  of  having  all  drills  work  at  the  highest  practical 
pressure,  and  further,  that  is  it  absolutely  essential  to  have  the 
transmission  lines  so  arranged  that  the  available  pressure  will  be 
freely  supplied  to  the  drill. 

The  Diameter  of  the  Pipe  Connection.  The  main  fact 
to  be  borne  in  mind  is  that  the  area,  and  approximate  carrying 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


35 


capacity,  varies  as  the  square  of  the  diameter.  Therefore  a  3-inch 
main  supply  pipe  will  furnish  all  the  steam  that  eight  or  nine 
i -inch  distributing  pipes  can  take. 

Length  of  the  Pipe  Connection.  From  Kent's  "  Hand- 
book" it  appears  that  the  loss  in  efficiency  at  80  Ibs.  pressure  for 
pipe  lines  varying  from  i"  to  14"  in  diameter,  and  up  to  a  length 
of  5000  ft.,  carrying  air,  is  seldom  more  than  10%;  so  that  for 
air  transmission  this  is  an  almost  negligible  factor.  With  steam 
lines  the  loss,  as  has  been  stated  above,  is  approximately  750 
pound-degrees  per  sq.ft.  of  pipe  surface  per  hour.  This  was 
figured  upon  an  assumed  difference  of  temperature  between  the 
steam  and  the  outside  air  of  250°  F.,  and  the  outside  surface  of 
the  pipe  is  the  one  to  be  taken  in  the  calculations. 

The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  square  feet  of  external 
area  for  100  lineal  feet  of  pipe: 


Nominal 
Inside 
Diameter, 
Inches. 

Square  Feet 
of  Outside 
Surface  of 
100  Lineal 
Feet  of  Pipe. 

Nominal 
Inside 
Diameter, 
Inches. 

Square  Feet 
of  Outside 
Surface  of 
100  Lineal 
Feet  of  Pipe. 

Nominal 
Inside 
Diameter, 
Inches. 

Square  Feet 
of  Outside 
Surface  of 
100  Lineal 
Feet  of  Pipe. 

| 

22.  2 

*i 

75-2 

6 

J73-3 

I 

27.5 

3 

91.7 

7 

198.0 

I 

34-4 

3* 

104.7 

8 

225.2 

ji 

43-5 

4 

117.8 

9 

2^0.  o 

i| 

49.8 

4* 

i3°-7 

10 

281.7 

2 

62.1 

5 

159-0 



At  60  Ibs.  pressure  one  pound  of  steam  contains  about  1175 
pound-degrees  of  energy  when  evaporated  from  water  at  22°  F. 

Number  of  Drills  going  at  once  and  Drawing  Pressure 
from  Same  Reservoir.  The  amount  of  power  that  it  takes  to 
run  a  battery  of  drills  is  not  directly  proportional  to  the  number 
of  drills  operated.  The  boiler  or  air  reservoir  supplying  pressure 
to  a  single  drill  must  be  able  to  furnish  as  much  power  as  a 
drill  would  take  if  it  were  operating  continuously,  and  therefore 
there  will  be  a  large  excess  of  power,  some  of  which  must  be 
wasted  when  the  drill  is  quiescent.  As  the  number  of  drills  in 
the  battery  increases,  the  drills  which  are  operating  tend  to  balance 
the  discrepancies  in  power  due  to  the  interruptions,  and  there- 


36 


ROCK  DRILLING 


fore  the  available  margin  of  power  may  be  less.  The  quan- 
titative expression  of  this  rule,  obtained  largely  from  the  data  in 
manufacturers'  catalogues,  is  to  be  found  in  the  diagram  which 
accompanies  the  section  of  chapter  III,  entitled  Cost  of  Power. 

Diameter  of  the  Drill  Cylinder.  With  the  same  length 
of  cylinder  the  force  of  the  blow  struck  by  the  drill  will  vary 
approximately  as  the  square  of  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder,  and 
the  selection  of  the  economic  size  of  drill  depends  upon  the 
character  of  the  rock  that  it  is  expected  to  work  in.  A  3^" 
drill,  which  is  the  size  in  most  general  use  in  South  Africa,  will 
deal  a  sufficiently  powerful  blow  to  satisfactorily  attack  the  harder 
rocks  up  to  and  including  the  granites.  For  the  toughest  trap 
a  3J"  drill,  which  with  tripod  weighs  nearly  175  pounds  more 
than  the  next  smaller  size,  may  be  preferable.  In  the  soft  rocks, 
such  as  the  shales,  the  heavy  drills  are  at  a 
great  disadvantage,  since  the  force  of  the  blow 
which  is  struck  is  so  great  as  to  drive  the  bit  a 
comparatively  long  distance  into  the  rock  with 
each  stroke,  loosening  very  large  pieces  that 
have  to  be  pulverized  by  subsequent  blows  at 
a  great  waste  of  power.  For  this  reason,  if 
for  no  other,  even  where  comparatively  large 
holes  have  to  be  drilled,  the  light  drills  from  the 
2}"  size  down  are  most  suitable  for  the  soft 
rocks. 

Stroke  of  the  Piston.  Every  manu- 
facturer has  a  standard  length  of  stroke  for 
each  diameter  of  cylinder  and  each  type  of 
machine.  This  general  fact  is  to  be  con- 
sidered, viz.,  that,  other  conditions  being 
equal,  the  longer  the  stroke  the  harder  the 
blow. 

The  following  equations  explain  how  the 
length  of  drill  stroke  affects  the  economy  of 
drilling  in  the  rocks  of   various  degrees  of  hardness  and  tough- 
ness, and  the  effect  on  the  drill  steel. 

The  illustration  (Fig.  3)  indicates  the  drill  cylinder  and  bit. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  37 

Let  P  =  steam  or  air  pressure  in  Ibs.  per  sq.in.  free  at  drill; 
A  =  net  area  of  piston  in  sq.ins.  ; 

/  =  length  of  stroke  in  ins.; 
m  =mass  of  all  moving  parts; 
n  =  number  of  strokes  per  minute; 
v  =  velocity  of  moving  parts  at  any  given  time; 
/  =  commencement  of  stroke. 

Assume  free  passage  of  steam  or  air  through  parts,  and 
assume  cut  off  at  80%  of  stroke.  The  resultant  decrease  in 
effective  pressure  is  negligible,  when  the  drill  is  working  vertically. 

/=  acceleration  of  the  moving  parts  due  to  pressure  ; 
g  =  acceleration  of  the  moving  parts  due  to  gravity; 

=  32  ft/sec.2 

E  =  total  energy  of  moving  parts  =  ^mv2.  .     .     .     (i) 

.      .      ....      .'-.:.     .     .    Y    .     .      (2) 


by  the  familiar  formula  for  motion  in  a  straight  line. 

Also,  total  pressure  =  impelling  force  =  32  AP  (since  P  was  in 
pounds)  =  mf. 

32AP 


and  E  =  l($2AP  +  mg)       .     ....'.     .     (4) 


From  these  Eqs.  (3)  and  (4)  it  appears  that  the  velocity 
of  impact  is  proportional  to  the  square  root  of  the  length  of  the 
stroke,  and  the  energy  of  impact  is  directly  proportional  to  the 
stroke. 

When  the  drill  is  working  in  a  horizontal  hole,  the  acceleration 
of  gravity  disappears,  ancj  we  have 


(s) 


and  E-33MP.       .    ......     (6) 


38  ROCK  DRILLING 

If  we  assume  for  a  3"  drill  that  /  =  6"  =  Jft.  and  m  =  6o  Ibs., 
and  P  =  6o  Ibs.  per  sq.in,  then 

^4  =  7.1  sq.in. 
the  value  of  Eq.  (6)  is 

—  X;.  1X60-6820 

and  that  of  Eq.  (4)  is 

=  7780, 

a  difference  of  14%  in  striking  energy  in  favor  of  the  vertical 
holes,  regardless  of  the  sludging  conditions. 

The  Convenience  of  the  Arrangement  for  changing  Bits 
on  each  Machine.  In  the  United  States  the  standard  method 
for  fastening  bits  in  the  chuck  is  by  means  of  a  U  bolt  with  two 
nuts.  It  has  been  our  experience  that  square  nuts  for  this  pur- 
pose are  more  satisfactory  than  the  hexagonal  ones,  which  are 
likely  to  slip  in  the  wrench  and  require  more  time  to  tighten  up, 
whereas  the  square  nut  can  be  drawn  sufficiently  tight  in  all  posi- 
tions to  hold  the  bit. 

The  Weight  of  the  Drill  itself.  This  factor  has  a  much 
larger  influence  upon  the.  cost  of  drilling  in  the  soft  rocks  with 
short  holes  than  in  the  hard  rocks  with  long  holes,  because  in 
the  former  case  the  time  of  moving  and  setting  up  a  drill  is  a 
very  much  larger  percentage  of  the  total  working  time  than  in 
the  latter. 

There  are  three  standard  mountings,  namely, 

1.  Tripod. 

2.  Quarry  bar. 

3.  Shaft  bar. 

Depth  of  Hole.  Usually  the  depth  of  the  holes  is  fixed 
by  the  exigencies  of  the  blasting,  or  by  the  necessities  of  the 
loading  organization.  A  steam  shovel  cannot  easily  take  out 
a  bench  of  more  than  nine  to  twelve  feet  in  heigh,  when 
loading  upon  cars  running  on  the  level  of  the  unexcavated  rock. 
Therefore,  when  the  work  is  of  a  character  necessitating  this 


DRILLING   ON  LAND 


39 


arrangement,  the  advantages  from  the  use  of  very  deep  holes 
are  not  admissable.  As  the  bit  works  in  the  hole  there  is  a 
considerable  amount  of  friction  under  the  bit  and  around  the 
sides  of  the  hole,  with  the  result  that  after  cutting  about  two  feet 
in  the  rock  the  diameter  of  the  bit  is  somewhat  less  than  at  its 
start;  therefore  it  has  been  the  rule  to  make  the  diameter  of 
each  bit  \"  less  than  that  of  the  preceding  one.  Thus,  with 
lo-foot  holes  with  a  24-inch  "feed,"  if  the  diameter  of  the  first 
bit  is  3",  the  diameter  of  the  last  bit  would  be  2-J".  Now  the 
minimum  diameter  of  the  last  bit  is  limited  by  the  size  of  stick 
of  explosive  that  must  be  inserted  in  the  hole,  and  therefore  the 
deeper  the  hole  the  larger  the  average  diameter. 

The  following  is  a  table  giving  the  weight  in  Ibs.  of  octagonal 
drill  steel  for  different  lengths: 


Depth 

ftf 

1  // 

r  // 

o  .. 

in 
Feet. 

1  1 

if" 

if" 

2 

3.22 

4.32 

5.58 

7.16 

8.78 

10.74 

12.68 

14.80 

17.30 

4 

6.44 

8.64 

ii.  16 

!4.32 

!7.56 

21.48 

25-36 

29.60 

34.60 

6 

9.66 

12.96 

16.74 

21.48 

26.34 

32.22 

38.04 

44.40 

5L9° 

8 

12.88 

17.28 

22.32 

28.64 

35-  I2 

42.  96 

50.72 

59.20 

69.20 

10 

16.  10 

21.60 

27.90 

35.8o 

43-9° 

53-7° 

63.40 

74.00 

86.50 

12 

19.32 

25.92 

33.48 

42.96 

52.68 

64.44 

76.08 

88.80 

103.80 

14 

22.54 

30.24 

39.06 

5°.  I2 

61.46 

75.i8 

88.76 

103  .  60 

121.  10 

16 

25.76 

34.56 

44.64 

57.28 

70.24 

85.92 

101.44 

118.  40 

138.40 

18 

28.98 

38.88 

50.  22 

64.44 

79.02 

96.66 

114.14 

133-20 

l55-7° 

20 

32-3° 

43.20 

55-80 

71.60 

87.80 

107.  40 

126.82 

148.00 

173.00 

22 

35-42 

47.32 

61.38 

78.76 

96.58 

118.  14 

I39-5° 

162.80 

190.30 

24 

38.64 

5I-64 

66.96 

85-92 

105.36 

128.88 

152.18 

177.60 

207.60 

NOTE.     490  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot  used  as  the  weight  for  steel. 

Where  the  moving  parts  of  the  "Baby"  Ingersoll  2^"  drill 
(A-86)  according  to  the  makers  weigh  about  20  Ibs.,  with  f" 
steel  at  a  depth  of  4'  the  total  moving  weight  is  about  28.6  Ibs., 
while  at  a  depth  of  12'  the  total  moving  weight  would  be  about 
46  Ibs. 

The  deeper  the  hole,  the  longer  and  harder  the  pumping 
process  where  no  jet  is  used.  The  deeper  the  hole,  the  fewer 
the  set-ups,  thus  tending  to  the  partial  elimination  of  that  large 
element  in  the  cost  of  drilling.  Note  that  this  is  much  more 


40  ROCK  DRILLING 

important  where  set-ups  are  difficult  than  when  drills  are  moving 
along  a  practically  level  bench. 

Diameter  of  Holes.  The  diameter  of  drill  holes  is  an 
elastic  factor  that  can  be  varied  to  suit  the  conditions. 

A  very  careful  series  of  experiments  on  drilling  was  conducted 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Transvaal  Institute  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  in  December,  1907,  and  published  in  the  paper  entitled 
"Stope  Drills"  written  by  Prof.  J.  Orr  of  that  Institute.  We 
have  abstracted  from  this  paper  data,  from  which  it  would  seem 
that  the  product  of  the  area  of  the  hole  multiplied  by  the  cutting 
speed  is  not  far  from  constant  for  the  "Baby"  Ingersoll  Drill 
with  50  Ibs.  of  steam.  This  amount  was  2.95  for  the  ij"  bit, 
2.96  for  the  if"  bit,  2.97  for  the  ij"  bit,  and  2.74  for  the  i-J" 
bit.  At  60  Ibs.  the  figure  was  practically  constant  for  the  first 
two  sizes  of  bit  and  decreased  rather  rapidly  down  to  the  ij". 
In  the  case  of  the  hammer  type  of  drill  the  rule  does  not  hold  so 
nearly  true,  the  product  of  the  area  and  rate  in  the  case  of  the 
ij"  bit  being  but  little  over  78%  of  that  for  the  i  J"  bit. 

When  it  is  realized  that  the  drill  of  the  hammer  type  is  at 
an  increasing  disadvantage,  as  the  diameter  of  hole  grows  less 
on  account  of  possible  clogging  of  the  bit,  the  steel  so  nearly 
filling  the  hole,  the  discrepancy  does  not  seem  so  marked,  and 
it  will  be  noticed  that  the  departure  from  this  assumed  rule  seems 
very  much  greater  with  the  smallest  sizes  of  bits.  Given  a 
uniform  rock  and  properly  designed  tools  and  machinery,  it 
seems  a  reasonable  assumption  that  with  a  constant  air  or  steam 
pressure  the  performance  per  cubic  inch  of  material  drilled  per 
unit  of  working  time  should  be  substantially  constant.  Precise 
experimental  data,  sufficient  to  include  all  the  standard  sizes  of 
bits,  are  lacking;  and  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  the  deficiency 
will  be  supplied  in  the  near  future.  To-day  the  evidence  is 
in  favor  of  the  proposition  that  the  actual  cutting  speed  is  in- 
versely proportional  to  the  area  of  the  hole,  other  things  being 
equal. 

The  economic  rule,  therefore,  in  choosing  the  drilling  equip- 
ment and  tools,  is  to  use  the  minimum  diameter  of  hole  in  which 
the  drill  will  freely  work  when  the  holes  can  be  sprung,  and  as 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  41 

large  a  hole  as  can  be  conveniently  drilled  when  the  holes 
cannot  be  sprung,  except  where  the  rock  must  be  broken  out 
in  blocks  with  a  minimum  of  waste. 

Rate  of  Decrease  in  the  Diameter  of  Successive  Bits.  In 
fast-drilling  rocks,  there  is  no  great  wear  to  the  bits  and  there 
is  no  reason  why  there  should  -J"  difference  in  their  successive 
diameters.  Therefore  with  the  same  diameter  at  the  bottom  of 
the  hole  it  is  sometimes  feasible,  by  instructions  to  the  black- 
smith, to  reduce  the  diameter  at  the  top  of  the  hole  considerably 
and  thus  increase  the  average  cutting  speed. 

The  Shape  of  the  Bit.  This  has  much  to  do  with  satis- 
factory progress.  The  following  article,  "Rock  Drill  Bits,"  by 
Mr.  T.  H.  Proske,  which  we  consider  the  best  by  far  on  this 
subject  that  has  as  yet  appeared,  has  been  abstracted  from  the 
"  Mining  and  Scientific  Press." 

"The  success  of  almost  every  drilling  operation  depends  on 
selection  and  treatment  of  the  bits.  Too  much  attention  cannot 
be  given  this  important  part  of  the  work.  If  the  bits  have 
been  properly  formed,  sharpened,  and  tempered  for  the  work, 
and  if  they  are  changed  just  as  soon  as  their  edges  and  gauges 
are  worn,  the  result  will  be  found  to  be  most  economical.  The 
power-drill  sharpener  has  removed  many  of  the  shortcomings 
attendant  upon  the  hand-sharpening  process,  with  the  result 
that  where  these  machines  are  used  it  is  possible  to  accomplish 
from  25  to  100%  more  drilling  than  under  the  old  methods. 
The  reasons  for  this  are  that  the  power  sharpener  turns  out  a  much 
better  bit.  The  saving  in  the  blacksmith's  wages  should  be  a 
secondary  consideration.  The  superior  quality  of  the  bits  made 
in  a  machine  will  increase  the  capacity  of  the  drilling  machines 
sufficient  to  pay  handsome  dividends  on  the  cost  of  the  power 
sharpener. 

"For  the  guidance  of  those  unfamiliar  with  the  forms  of  drill- 
bits  used  in  the  different  sections,  I  have  prepared  a  few  drawings 
of  those  in  use.  Fig.  4  represents  the  square  cross-bit  adopted  as 
the  standard  for  American  mining  practice.  It  is  made  from 
either  round,  octagon,  or  cruciform  steel.  In  the  copper  mines  of 
Michigan  it  is  usually  made  of  a  round  steel.  In  the  iron  mines 


42  ROCK  DRILLING 

of  Michigan  and  Minnesota  and  wherever  this  form  of  bit  is  used 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  octagon  steel  is  preferred,  but  in 
the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  States  cruciform  steel  is  used. 
The  reason  for  the  adoption  of  this  form  of  bit  as  a  standard  will 
be  appreciated  when  the  three  requirements  of  a  rock-drill  bit 
are  recalled.  These  are  '  to  chisel  out  a  hole  in  the  rock,'  '  to 
keep  this  hole  round  and  free  from  rifles,'  and  '  to  mud  freely.' 
There  is  really  a  fourth  requirement,  which  is  '  to  do  as  much 
drilling  as  possible  before  being  resharpened.' 

"  The  different  kinds  cf  rock  to  be  drilled  affect  the  wear  of  the 
bit.  Very  hard  rock  will  blunt  the  chisel  and  reaming  edges. 
The  softer  rocks  do  not  blunt  these  edges,  but  wear  the  outer 
sides  so  that  it  loses  its  gauge  and  size,  still  appearing  to  be  quite 
sharp.  For  this  reason  a  bit  that  is  made  with  a  square  edge  and 
a  clearance  angle  of  8°  will  drill  about  four  times  as  long  in  soft 
rock  as  a  bit  with  round  edges  and  a  clearance  angle  of  16°, 
before  being  reduced  to  the  size  of  the  next  bit  that  is  to  follow. 
Referring  to  Fig.  4  and  Fig.  5,  the  latter  being  a  round-edge  bit 
with  a  clearance  angle  of  16°,  it  will  be  seen  that  in  Fig.  4  the 
corners  of  the  bit  at  the  base  of  the  bevel  describe  a  circle  that  is 
equal  to  the  circle  that  the  chisel  edges  describe.  This  is  as  it 
should  be,  as  it  is  impossible  for  the  chisel  edge  to  cut  out  all  of 
the  rock. 

"  The  reaming  edge,  which  is  that  part  of  the  bit  extending 
from  the  chisel  edge  to  the  base  of  the  bevel,  marked  'a'  in  both 
Fig.  4  and  Fig.  5,  must  ream  the  outer  edge  of  the  hole  and 
keep  it  round  and  free  from  rifles.  In  Fig.  5  it  will  be  noted  that 
the  circle  described  by  the  corners  of  the  bit  at  the  base  of  the 
bevel  is  much  smaller  than  the  circle  described  by  the  chisel  edges. 
This  causes  an  excess  of  wear  on  the  corners  of  the  chisel  edges, 
the  bit  rapidly  loses  its  gauge,  as  well  as  its  efficiency,  and  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  keep  the  hole  round.  Rifles  form,  and  these 
cause  the  rotation  parts  of  the  drilling  machine  to  break,  often 
resulting  in  the  loss  of  the  hole. 

"  The  angle  of  the  bevel  of  the  face  of  the  bit  has  to  do  with  its 
life  as  well  as  with  the  property  of  '  mudding  '  freely.  It  is 
generally  accepted  that  if  this  angle  be  90°  it  gives  strength  and 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


43 


permits  the  bit  to  '  mud  '  or  throw  back  the  cuttings  from  the 
face  of  the  bit  when  the  drill  is  pointed  downward.  Bits  made 
like  Fig.  22  and  Fig.  23  will  not  '  mud  '  freely.  Another  reason 


FIG.  9. 


FIG.  10. 


FIG.  ii. 


FIG.  12. 


FIG.  13. 


why  bits  such  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  4  are  preferable  to  those  illustrated 
by  Fig.  5,  is  that  having  a  long  wing  they  are  stronger  and  will 
not  break  so  readily  as  does  a  short  bit. 


44  ROCK  DRILLING 

"  The  Simmons  bit,  used  at  the  Champion  mine  at  Beacon, 
Mich.,  is  shown  in  Fig.  6.  In  it  two  of  the  wings  are  devoted 
entirely  to  reaming  and  keeping  the  hole  round  and  free  from 
rifles.  Some  tests  made  several  years  ago  in*  jasper,  the  hardest 
rock  found  in  the  Champion  mine,  using  a  2f  in.  Rand  drill  with 
6o-lb.  air  pressure  at  the  compressor,  showed  an  average  speed 
per  minute  of  0.28  in.  for  the  ordinary  cross-bit,  and  0.659  m-  f°r 
the  Simmons  bit.  Both  forms  were  hand-sharpened. 

"  The  Brunton  bit,  the  invention  of  the  well  known  mining 
engineer,  D.  W.  Brunton,  is  extensively  used  in  Idaho  and  Mon- 
tana. It  is  shown  in  Fig  .7.  The  object  of  this  bit  is  to  obtain 
the  advantages  of  the  X-bit  without  the  attendant  difficulties  of 
resharpening.  With  this  bit,  as  in  the  case  of  the  X-bit,  the 
piston  must  revolve  a  half  turn  before  the  cutting  edges  will 
strike  in  the  same  place  a  second  time.  It  is  as  easily  resharpened 
as  the  regular  square  cross-bit.  The  X-bit  itself  is  shown  in 
Fig.  8.  Since  the  invention  of  power-drill  sharpening  machines, 
this  bit  is  fast  disappearing.  The  reason  will  be  understood  when 
a  comparison  is  made  with  the  regular  square  cross-bit,  as  made 
with  the  power-sharpener,  and  the  cross-bits  as  they  are  re- 
sharpened  by  hand,  shown  in  Fig.  21,  Fig.  22,  and  Fig.  23. 
The  X-bit  is  designed  to  prevent  rifles.  This  the  hand-sharpened 
cross-bit  would  not  do,  but  the  machine-sharpened  cross-bit 
effectually  accomplishes.  Fig.  9  shows  what  is  commonly 
termed  the  high-centre  bit.  This  was  for  many  years  accepted 
as  the  proper  form.  It  is  still  used  in  the  mines  of  Cornwall  and 
where  Cornish  customs  prevail.  Since  the  introduction  of 
hammer-drills  this  bit  is  again  finding  favor.  It  is  of  especial 
advantage  in  starting  a  hole,  the  high  centre  immediately  making 
an  impression  on  the  rock,  whereas  the  square-faced  bit  requires 
a  flat  face  for  ready  starting.  For  a  starting  bit  in  hammer 
machines  it  has  no  equal.  Here,  however,  its  advantages  over  the 
square  bit  end.  Used  as  a  bit  to  follow  the  starter,  it  is  liable  to 
follow  slips  and  seams  in  the  rock,  causing  crooked  holes,  which 
are  sometimes  lost  before  being  finished.  This  the  square  bit 
will  not  do.  Fig.  10  shows  a  bit  where  the  corners  are  in  advance 
of  the  centre.  This  is  a  fast  cutting  bit.  The  corners  break  up 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


45 


the  rock  in  advance  of  the  centre  and  leave  little  for  the  centre 
to  do;  this  causes  the  corners  to  wear  fast,  but  still  not  to  excess 
when  it  is  considered  that  they  do  most  of  the  work.  This  drill 
will  not  follow  slips  and  seams,  will  drill  a  round  hole,  and  is  easy 


FIG.  15. 


FIG.  16. 


FIG.  17. 


FIG.  18. 


on  the  drilling  machine.  The  weak  point  of  this  form  is  that  the 
leverage  is  so  great  on  the  corners  that  they  are  liable  to  break  off 
if  tempered  too  hard.  Fig.  1 1  shows  the  round-edge  bit,  which  is 
a  favorite  with  some.  In  soft  rock  this  is  good,  but  in  hard  rock 


FIG.  19. 


FIG.  20. 


FIG.  21. 


FIG.  22. 


FIG.  23. 


it  permits  rifles  to  form  in  the  hole  because  there  are  no  reaming 
edges. 

"  The  Y-bit  shown  in  Fig.  12  gives  the  advantage  of  plenty  of 
room  for  the  cuttings  to  escape.      It  is  however,  quite  difficult  to 


46 


ROCK  DRILLING 


make  and  re-sharpen  by  hand.  With  the  power-sharpener  it  can 
be  made  as  easily  as  any  other  form.  Fig.  13  shows  the  "  bull  " 
bit  in  use  in  the  lead  and  zinc  mines  of  the  Joplin,  Mo.,  dis- 
trict, before  the  introduction  of  the  power-sharpener.  The 
extreme  hardness  of  the  limestone  and  flint  in  the  sheet-ground 
of  that  district,  caused  the  ordinary  cross-bit  as  made  by  hand 
to  wear  too  fast.  This  dull  bull-bit  therefore  had  to  be  adopted. 
Drilling  here  was  not  a  matter  of  cutting  the  rock,  but  of  shatter- 
ing it  by  impact.  The  power-sharpener  has  changed  all  this, 
and  the  American  standard  cross-bit  as  made  in  these  machines 
is  now  used.  As  a  result  the  capacity  of  the  drills  has  been  mate- 
rially increased.  In  mines  where  hand-sharpening  is  still  done  the 
bull-bit  is  yet  in  use.  Fig.  14  shows  the  Z-bit  used  in  hand- 


FIG.  24. 


FIG.  25. 


FIG.  26. 


FIG.  27. 


FIG.  28. 


sharpening  in  the  southeast  Missouri  lead  district.  This  bit  is 
also  used  quite  extensively  in  Germany.  In  both  places,  how- 
ever, the  advantage  of  the  standard  square  cross-bit  as  made 
with  the  power-sharpener  is  fast  causing  it  to  be  displaced.  Fig. 
15  shows  the  "  six- wing  rosette "  bit  as  made  in  the  power- 
sharpener  in  use  at  the  Penarroya  mines  of  Spain.  It  is  used  in 
hammer  drills  only.  Of  all  the  rosette  forms  of  bits  this  has  been 
found  to  be  the  most  satisfactory.  Fig.  16  shows  the  square 
cross-bits  when  made  up  for  hammer  drills  where  a  hole  for  the 
introduction  of  air  or  water  to  remove  the  cuttings  apexes  at  a 
point  back  from  the  bevel  of  the  bit  in  one  of  the  recesses  between 
the  wings.  Fig.  17  shows  the  same  form  where  the  hole  ends  in 
the  centre  of  the  cross  of  the  cutting  edges.  This  form  of  bit  is 
extensively  used.  Its  faults  are  that  a  core  is  formed  by  this 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


47 


hole;  this  core  fills  the  hole,  and  causes  a  stoppage  of  air  or  water. 
These  cores  have  been  known  to  become  as  much  as  8  in.  long, 
and  are  quite  difficult  to  remove.  To  clear  them  away  the  core 
must  be  burned  out  by  heating  the  steel  the  full  length  of  the  core 
in  a  slow  fire;  a  sometimes  slow  and  tedious  process.  This  dif- 
ficulty is  entirely  overcome  by  the  use  of  the  bit  shown  in  Fig. 
1 6.  The  Z-bit,  Fig.  18,  is  extensively  used  in  Germany.  In 
hammer  drilling  machines,  the  steel  is  formed  in  bars  having  a 
Z  shape.  While  I  show  this  bar  straight,  it  is  usually  twisted 
to  form  a  spiral.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  form  a  Z-bit  on  the  end 


FIG.  29. 

of  such  a  bar.  The  results  obtained  are  excellent.  Holes  to  a 
depth  of  1 6  ft.  horizontal  have  been  drilled  with  this  form  of  steel. 
The  spiral  draws  out  the  cuttings  much  the  same  as  an  auger. 
Fig.  19  to  Fig.  23  are  given  to  show  the  evolution  of  the  cross - 
bit  where  hand-sharpening  is  employed.  There  are  two  systems 
of  hand-sharpening.  One  is  known  as  the  set-hammer  system. 
In  it  the  steel  is  hammered  by  placing  a  set-hammer  on  the  bevels 
and  driving  the  steel  back.  The  results  of  this  method  are  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  19  to  Fig.  22.  Fig.  19  shows  a  bit  made  by  cutting 
the  bevels  with  a  chisel  and  is  as  it  should  be  in  form.  Fig.  20 
shows  this  bit  after  about  the  third  sharpening.  Fig.  21  is  the 


48  ROCK  DRILLING 

same  bit  after  about  the  sixth  sharpening,  and  Fig.  22  is  the  same 
bit  at  about  the  time  that  the  original  cross  that  was  formed  on 
the  bar  of  octogan  steel  has  become  exhausted.  The  other 
system  of  hand-sharpening  is  known  as  the  fuller  and  dollie 
system.  By  this  system  the  stock  is  first  drawn  sharp  at  the 
corners  as  shown  in  Fig.  23  with  the  fuller,  after  which  it  should 
be  set  back  in  the  centre  with  the  dollie.  Unfortunately  the 
man  swinging  the  sledge  hammer  gets  tired  before  the  bit  is  set 
back  enough,  the  result  is  that  the  bit,  partly  finished,  is  left  as 
shown  in  Fig.  23.  It  is  because  the  power-sharpener  has  the 
staying  power,  and  because  it  readily  finishes  a  bit  perfectly,  that 
inferior  bits  like  these  are  not  to  be  found  where  machine  sharp- 
ening is  employed. 

"After  a  bit  has  been  forged,  it  should  be  properly  tempered 
as  in  Fig.  24.  Fig.  25  shows  the  result  of  the  common  method 
of  tempering.  The  centre  of  the  bit  is  soft,  while  the  corners  are 
hard.  When  the  bit  is  immersed  in  the  water  about  an  inch  the 
large  mass  of  metal  in  the  centre  cools  more  slowly  than  the 
corners  since  the  corners  have  three  sides  exposed  to  the  water. 
Perhaps  the  centre  had  not  chilled  at  all  when  the  bit  is  with- 
drawn for  annealing,  and  the  final  result  is  a  soft-centre  bit, 
which  will  flatten  and  retard  the  work  of  drilling.  Fig.  26  and 
Fig.  27  show  the  result  of  trying  to  temper  the  bit  with  the  forging 
heat,  by  plunging  the  whole  bit  into  the  water  as  soon  as  it  is 
sharpened.  The  line  of  tension  induced  by  cooling  is  indicated. 
At  this  place  the  drill  will  break.  Fig.  28  shows  the  checking 
caused  by  first  chilling  the  steel  back  of  the  bit  and  then  plunging 
with  the  forging  heat. 

"  For  the  purpose  of  tempering  a  bit  as  shown  in  Fig.  24  a  tank 
should  be  provided,  such  as  shown  in  section  in  Fig.  29.  This 
should  be  about  12  deep  by  12  in.  wide,  and  of  sufficient  length  to 
accommodate  whatever  number  of  drills  are  to  be  sharpened  in 
a  day  with  the  machine.  The  water  inlet  should  be  at  the  bot- 
tom, and  the  outlet  should  be  placed  about  f  in.  above  a  grate 
which  itself  should  be  about  8  in.  above  the  bottom.  This  permits 
the  bit  to  be  immersed  to  a  depth  of  about  f  in.  With  a  temper- 
ing tank  of  this  construction  the  bit  can  be  hardened  to  any  desired 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  49 

degree.  This  depends  on  the  temperature  of  the  bit  when  placed 
on  the  grate.  It  is  essential  that  the  drill  stand  in  a  vertical 
position.  To  lean  either  way  would  cause  it  to  harden  to  a  greater 
depth  on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  causing  a  tension  that  might 
lead  to  breaking  of  the  wings.  It  is  best  to  provide  a  rail  around 
the  tank  about  the  distance  required  to  hold  the  shortest  drill, 
and  to  drive  pins  about  3  in.  apart  in  this  rail.  By  placing  the  drills 
between  these  pegs  thay  can  be  kept  in  a  vertical  position.  When 
using  this  tank  a  small  flow  sufficient  to  displace  the  water  heated 
by  the  cooling  of  the  bits  should  be  turned  on  to  keep  the  supply 
always  cool." 

An  unsymmetrical  bit,  in  which  the  blades  do  not  all  strike 
exactly  alike  is  preferable  to  the  symmetrical  kind,  especially 
in  the  hard  rocks,  resulting  in  less  sticking.  A  test 1  in  the 
Champion  Mine,  Michigan,  with  a  2j"  drill  under  60  Ibs.  of 
air  showed  a  cutting  speed  with  the  Fitch  bit  2.35  as  great  as 
with  the  cross  bit. 

Theoretically,  the  fastest  cutting  can  be  done  with  a  chisel 
bit,  but  in  hard  rocks  under  a  powerful  drill,  the  grinding  effect 
upon  this  bit  is  so  great  as  to  wear  it  down  before  the  run  is 
finished,  and  therefore  the  four-bladed  bits  have  been  developed. 
Again,  theoretically  in  the  soft  rocks  with  a  comparatively  light 
drill  the  bull  bit  should  be  admirably  adapted,  and  this  would 
be  so  were  it  not  that  it  breaks  off  pieces  that  are  so  large,  and 
buries  itself  so  deep  in  the  rock,  as  to  result  in  an  immense 
amount  of  sticking.  In  one  case  in  point  a  great  many  thousand 
dollars  were  lost  because  an  enterprising  friend  of  the  contractor 
appreciated  the  theoretical  advantages  of  this  bit,  but  did  not 
realize  why  it  stuck  in  the  hole.  In  general,  with  a  light  machine 
and  in  the  medium  soft  rocks  and  sand  stones  the  bull  bit  should 
be  tried  first.  For  the  hard  rocks  the  blades  should  have  as 
sharp  an  edge  and  as  hard  a  temper  as  will  stand,  because  in 
this  arrangement  the  amount  of  cutting  per  blow  will  be  the 
greatest;  while  in  the  softer  rocks  the  edges  should  be  blunted 
so  that  the  drill  will  break  the  material  up  into  small  pieces 

1  Rock  Work,  p.  26. 


50  ROCK  DRILLING 

and  cut  less  at  each  blow.  In  shale  we  have  had  very  good 
results  by  giving  two  of  the  blades  of  the  X-bit  a  flat  face  of 
&  of  an  inch  leaving  the  other  two  blades  slightly  projecting 
and  very  sharp. 

Nature  of  the  Drill  Steel.  This  should  be  special  steel 
made  for  this  purpose  and  not  tool  steel,  and  should  contain 
from  .8%  to  i%  of  carbon.  Any  alloy  that  will  increase  the 
toughness  of  this  type  of  steel  should  be  worth  its  weight  in 
gold.  It  is  probable  that  the  use  of  steel  treated  with  ferro- 
titanium,  which  has  been  found  to  have  an  enormous  toughening 
effect  upon  the  wearing  surfaces  of  rails,  will  in  the  near  future 
offer  a  marked  improvement  in  the  drill  steels. 

Skill  of  the  Blacksmith.  The  blacksmith  is  usually  a 
privileged  person  and  very  few  superintendents  have  the  ability 
or  the  nerve  to  instruct  him.  He  is  always  an  interesting  char- 
acter, generally  intelligent,  rarely  well  instructed,  and  invariably 
obstinate.  A  good  blacksmith  has  a  right  to  a  good  helper,  to 
a  sufficiently  large  and  convenient  shop,  good  tools,  and  the  very 
finest  materials.  To  emphasize  the  importance  of  having  a  good 
blacksmith  perhaps  it  is  enough  to  say  that  if  the  efficiency  of 
the  best  blacksmith  in  the  United  States  could  be  increased  50% 
by  quadrupling  his  pay  it  would  be  economy  to  do  so  on  any 
drilling  work. 

The  average  blacksmith  with  a  helper  can  sharpen  by  hand 
about  140  bits  a  day,  which  ordinarily  will  supply  about  six 
machines  in  hard  rock.  An  Italian  blacksmith  with  a  helper 
of  the  same  nationality  one  winter  sharpened  441  bits  in  25  days 
or  about  18  per  day,  this  being  one  bit  per  9.3  ft.  of  hole,  being 
all  that  was  necessary  to  keep  14  drills  going  in  soft  shale. 

With  a  bit  sharpening  machine  one  man  can  average  50  drills 
per  hour  and  the  bits  are  harder,  denser,  and  better  formed 
than  the  hand  sharpened  ones. 

The  proper  tempering  of  the  bits  is  absolutely  essential.  On 
one  job  that  we  inspected  on  which  the  contractor  wanted  to 
know  why  he  was  losing  money  we  found  that  the  black- 
smith heated  his  drills  up  to  the  lowest  kind  of  a  low  red  before 
quenching.  He  might  as  well  have  tried  to  harden  them  with 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


51 


cigarette  ash.  A  full  description  of  the  methods  of  tempering 
is  given  in  Gillette's  "Rock  Work,"  page  26. 

The  Blacksmith's  Coal.  Coal  containing  much  sulphur 
will  result  in  some  of  the  carbon  being  burned  out  of  the  drill 
steel,  thus  lowering  the  effective  hardness,  and  sometimes  even 
the  steel  itself  may  be  burned.  While  a  cheap  grade  of  coal 
may  sometimes  be  economical  under  boilers  which  are  under- 
loaded, it  is  never  anything  else  than  the  most  expensive  luxury 
in  the  blacksmith  shop. 

The  Direction  of  the  Hole.  Various  experiments  have 
been  made  upon  the  effect  that  the  direction  of  the  hole  has  on 
the  cutting  speed.  Prof.  Hofer  obtained  the  following  experi- 
mental results,  the  time  being  that  for  cutting  one  inch  of  hole 
in  a  conglomerate  with  a  hammer  drill. 

85°  down  (nearly  vertical) 152  seconds 

.   188 


27° 

2° 

9° 


241 
282 
257 


These  results  are  confirmed  by   Jarolimel.     The  use  of  a 
water  jet  in  the  hole  would  probably  alter  them  greatly. 


CHAPTER  III 
DRILLING  ON  LAND— Continued 

Comparative  Costs  of  Operation  by  Steam  and  Com- 
pressed Air.  The  two  following  tables  have  been  prepared  to 
show:  i.  Typical  cost  of  operation  of  a  six-drill  plant  by  steam 
from  an  ordinary  contractor's  65  H.P.  movable  boiler  direct, 
and  total  cost  of  operating  one  drill  by  steam;  2.  Typical  cost 
of  operation  of  a  io-i2-drill  plant  by  compressed  air,  and  total 
cost  of  operating  one  drill  by  air.  Of  these  costs  the  wages  of 
the  drill  crew  average  40%.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  a  trifling 
increase  in  the  wages  of  the  drill  crew  is  of  small  moment  com- 
pared with  a  similar  loss  in  the  working  time.  To  pay  the 
men  10%  more  wages,  which  makes  them  feel  much  better,  is 
only  40%  as  costly  as  to  allow  them  to  kill  10%  of  their  time, 
which  does  not  make  them  feel  correspondingly  better. 

TYPICAL  COST  OF  OPERATION  OF  SIX-DRILL  PLANT  AND 
TOTAL  COST  OF  OPERATING  ONE  DRILL  FROM  A  STEAM 
BOILER  DIRECT. 

Boiler at  $700.  oo,  6%  depreciation $o.  28 

Interest at         6% 0.28 

Repairs at         2. oo  per  month o.  10 

Installation at        50.  oo  for  150  working  days o.  333 

z\  tons  coal at         3.50 8.750 

Hauling  coal  team  1 at        3 . 39  at  2 \  tons  per  team  day 3-39 

Handling  coal  labor  * at        i .  50 1.50 

Fireman at         2.  oo  per  day 2.  oo 

$16.633 

Drill at  $300.  oo,  33%  depreciation  per  yr o.  667 

Interest at        6% 0.120 

Repairs at         o.  50  per  day o.  50 

2  pints  oil at        o.  30  gal o.  075 

Driller at         2. 50  per  day 2. 50 

Helper at         i .  75       "      1.75 

f  mucker at         1.50       "       i.oo 

\  pipe  fitter at         2.00       "      °-333 

£  blacksmith at        3.00       "       0.50 

1  Higher  than  average;  depends  on  condition  of  roads  and  length  of  haul.        $7-445 
52 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  53 

Boiler  cost  for  one  drill,  16.  633 -=-6 2.  772 

Total  cost  of  operating  one  drill - 10.  217 

Total  equipment  per  day $r.  453 %  of  total  14. 3 

Total  supplies  per  day i .  535 "  14.9 

Total  labor  per  day 7.23  "    "     "  70.8 

100.0% 

TYPICAL  COST  OF  OPERATION  OF  10-12-DRILL  COMPRESSOR 
PLANT  AND  TOTAL  COST  OPERATING  ONE  DRILL  WITH 
COMPRESSED  AIR. 

Compressor,  Rand,  Class  C,  24X30  at  $4000.00,  dep.  5%,  $200 $  1.33 

Interest at        6%  $240 i .  60 

Repairs at        $5 .  oo  per  month o.  25 

3  gallons  of  oil at          0.30 0.90 

Engineer at          3.00 3.00 

Installation  for  i^o  working  clays  .    at       100.  oo o.  666 

Two  boilers  at  $700,  depreciation,   at      6% 0.56 

Interest at      6% 0.56 

Repairs at        $4.  oo  per  month o.  20 

6  tons  coal at          3.50 21.00 

Hauling  coal,  2  teams at          3-39 7  •  7& 

Handling  coal,  labor at           I-5° 3-°° 

Fireman at           2.  oo 2.  co 

Installation  at  $100  for  150  work  days  (Boilers) o.  666 


$43- 512 

Drill at    $300.00,  dep.  33% 0.667 

Interest at      6% 0.12 

Repairs at          0.50  per  day o.  50 

2  pints  oil at          0.30  per  gal °-°7!j 

Driller at  2.50 2.50 

Helper at  1.75 1.75 

2/12  pipe  fitter .at  2.00 °-333 

§  mucker at  i .  50 i .  oo 

2/ 1 2  blacksmith at          3 .  oo o.  50 


Compressor  cost  for  one  drill 

Total  cost  for  operating  one  drill  by  air $11.071 

Total  equipment  per  day $i-773 %  of  total     16.0 

Total  supplies  per  day 1.90 "  17.2 

Total  labor  per  day 7-398 "  66.8 


$11.071  100.0% 

The  Amount  of  Mucking  Necessary.  This  will  depend 
largely  upon  the  lay  of  the  ground  and  the  time  of  the  year.  It 
is  an  absolute  rule  of  economics,  geneially  violated  in  practice, 


ROCK  DRILLING 


never  to  allow  the  drill-runner  and  helper  to  do  the  mucking. 
Where  a  number  of  drills  were  operating  in  a  narrow  cut  through 
which  water  was  running  and  freezing  to  a  depth  of  from  8" 
to  13 ",  where  also  the  rock  surface  had  been  badly  shattered 
by  previous  blasting,  requiring  an  average  of  not  less  than  8" 
of  mucking  for  each  drill  hole,  one  mucker  at  a  cost  of  about 
11%  of  the  total  cost  of  the  drill  operation  was  enough  for  each 


2.2 

'2.0 
1.8 
1.6 
1.4 
1.2 
1.0 
0.8 

/' 

" 

Cubic  Feet  of  Free  Air  per  Minute 

/ 

/ 

V4 

"I 

ist 

Ml 

-Press 

± 

n'e-in-lb 

T 

.  J.C 

D_l 

:-: 

hi  i1 

/ 

/ 

0_lj 

0 

/ 

/ 

,.„ 
r; 

)()'l' 
O'EI 

x 

X 

/r 

Factors  by  which  to  multiply 
for  various  altitudes              > 
and  pressures.                   >^ 

/; 

/ 

/ 

/ 

x 

'J'8 

ITB<t 

O'EI. 

/ 

x 

/ 

x 

' 

.x1 

'X 

V 

100 
^00 
0 

OE1 

O'KI 

/ 

/ 

? 

x 

/ 

// 

X 

^ 

^x 

/ 

X 

x 

/ 

.-." 

X 

^ 

X 

X^ 

x 

2 

/ 

x 

X 

x 

^ 

x^ 

^x' 

^ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

^ 

x5 

^ 

? 

/ 

t 

7 

x 

x 

X 

^ 

, 

M 

/ 

] 

/ 

^ 

/ 

x 

X" 

^, 

^^ 

" 

/ 

x  ^ 

/ 

/ 

* 

. 

x 

^ 

^ 

/  / 

/ 

x 

x 

£* 

^ 

M 

A 

/  / 

X 

x 

" 

^ 

-^ 

• 

^~~ 

• 

/ 

/x 

/ 

X 

^ 

^ 

^ 

— 

^  — 

.  —  • 

--""" 

/ 

// 

^^ 

X 

^ 

,  — 

—  — 

^—  - 

DIAGRAM  SHOWING 
Cubic  Feet  of  Free  Air  to  Run 
From  One  to  Forty  Rock  Drills 
at  75  Ibs  per  sq.  iii.  press- 
Compiled  from  M'f'rs  Catalog 

f// 

^ 

'x 

^ 

^,*~ 

^—  • 

—  " 

\ 

<x 

^-* 

^" 

*-^"'*' 

'^ 

1                       10                         20                         30                         40 

Number  of  Drills 
FIG.  30. 

drill;  and  the  cost  of  mucking  in  general  wilt  vary  from  this  to 
nothing  in  the  case  of  rock  which  has  been  previously  stripped 
of  its  earth  covering. 

The  Cost  of  Power.  From  the  accompanying  diagram 
(Fig.  30)  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute  to  run 
from  one  to  forty  drills  can  be  read  directly.  Assume  that  we 
are  to  operate  six  drills  of  3!"  size  and  the  average  make,  at 
60  Ibs.  pressure.  From  the  larger  part  of  the  diagram  inter- 
polating between  3"  and  3!"  drills,  the  amount  of  free  air  required 
would  be  625  cu.ft.  per  minute  at  75  Ibs.  If  the  altitude  and 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  55 

pressure  were  2000  ft.  and  60  Ibs.  respectively  the  small  diagram 
gives  the  factor  .9  which,  multiplied  by  625,  gives  562.5  as  the 
cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute  required  for  these  drills. 

By  Table  A,  we  have,  under  the  worst  conditions,  the  necessary 
H.P.  for  compression  equal  to  562. 5 X.  1342  =  7 5. 5  H.P.,  and 
under  the  best  conditions  58.5  H.P.  This  amount  must  be 
actually  effective  in  the  compressor. 

The  efficiency  of  the  air  transmission  line  will  average  from 
90%  to  95%;  and  for  compound  engines  one  Brake  H.P.  for 
every  2.2  Ibs.  of  coal  burned  per  hour  may  be  expected.  There- 
fore, for  the  case  under  consideration,  the  coal  consumption  would 
be  about  1700  Ibs.  per  day  for  isothermal  compression  and  1300 
Ibs.  per  day  for  adiabatic  compression. 

To  estimate  the  cost  of  coal,  if  a  steam  boiler  is  to  be  used 
directly,  we  must  proceed  as  follows: 

From  Table  B,  at  60  Ibs.  pressure  i  Ib.  of  steam  equals 
about  5.7  cu.ft.  of  free  steam  or  free  air  obtained  by  multiplying 
28.9  and  0.1968  from  the  last  column  in  Table  A. 

Therefore,  if  run  from  a  boiler  direct  the  amount  of  steam 
required  would  be  562.5-^28.9  or  19.4  Ibs.  per  minute  or  1167 
Ibs.  per  hour. 

One  boiler  H.P.  is  the  equivalent  of  30  Ibs.  of  steam  per 
hour  at  70  Ibs.  pressure,  evaporated  from  water  originally  at 
100°  F.  and  is  the  equivalent  of  33,305  B.T.U's.  Since  we  need 
1167  Ibs.  per  hour,  dividing  this  by  30,  we  get  38.9  as  the  theo- 
retical boiler  H.P.  that  we  need.  If  the  boiler  efficiency  is  60%, 
a  fair  aveiage  value  for  an  exposed  boiler  of  this  size  when  fairly 
well  cared  for,  the  boiler  rating  should  be  38.9^.6  or  65  H.P. 
These  figures  check  with  our  experience. 

Now,  as  to  the  amount  of  coal  used.  From  Kent's  "Hand- 
book" the  heating  value  of  i  Ib.  of  coal  varies  from  10,500  B.T.U. 
for  Kansas  bituminous,  to  14,200  B.T.U.  for  the  Cumberland 
semi-bituminous  kind.  Special  coals  often  run  above  this,  but 
the  average  that  is  likely  to  be  obtained  in  ordinary  construc- 
tion work  will  not  run  much  over  nooo  or  12000.  We  need  1167 
Ibs.  of  steam  per  hour  multiplied  by  1176  B.T.U's.  from  "  Table 
B."  This  divided  by  12000,  multiplied  by  0.6  and  0.9  equals 


56 


ROCK  DRILLING 


TABLE   A1 

BRAKE  (OR  DELIVERED)  HORSE-POWER  REQUIRED  TO  COMPRESS  ONE  CUBIC 
FOOT  or  FREE  AIR  PER  MINUTE  TO  A  GIVEN  GAUGE  PRESSURE.  (HASWELL) 


Gauge  Pressure, 
Lbs.  per  sq.in. 

B.H.P.  required 
under  the  worst  pos- 
sible condition. 
(Without    Cooling.)2 

B.H.P.  required 
under  best  possible 
condition.      (With  Con- 
stant Temperature.)3 

Volume  in  Cubic  Feet 
of  Air  after  Com- 
pression at  60°  F. 

5° 

-"95 

.0951 

.2272 

55 

.1270 

.0994 

.2109 

60 

.  1342 

.1040 

.1968 

65 

.1403 

.ic8i 

.1844 

70 

.I472 

.1124 

-1735 

75 

-1537 

.1163 

.1639 

80 

-I597 

•IJ93 

-1552 

85 

-1655 

.1224 

.1474 

90 

.1710 

.1256 

.1404 

95 

.1763 

.1289 

-J340 

100 

.1815 

.1312 

.1281 

For  the  purpose  of  comparing  compressed  air  with  steam,  Table  B   will  be 
found  useful. 


TABLE   B  * 
STEAM  VOLUME  AND  TEMPERATURE  AT  GIVEN  PRESSURES 


Gauge  Pressure, 
Lbs.  per  sq.in. 

Temperature, 
Fahrenheit. 

Lb.  Degrees  from 
Water  at  32°. 

Cu.ft.  occupied  by 
i  Lb.  of  Steam. 

50-3 

297.8 

1172.8 

6-53 

55-3 

302.7 

"74-3 

6.09 

60.3 

3°7-4 

"75-7 

5-71 

65-3 

311.8 

1177.0 

5-37 

7°-3 

316.0 

1178.3 

5-o7 

75-3 

320.0 

1179.6 

4.81 

80.3 

323-9 

1180.7 

4-57 

85-3 

327.6 

1181.8 

4-36 

9°  -3 

331-1 

1182  .9 

4.  16 

95-3 

334-5 

1184.0 

3-98 

100.3 

337-8 

1185.0 

3.82 

1  Gillette's  Rock  Excavation,  p.  50.         2  Adiabatic.         3  Isothermal. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


57 


211  Ibs.  of  coal  per  hour,  being  practically  equivalent  to  one 
ton  per  day  for  100  ft.  of  pipe  lead.  The  factors  .9  and  .6 
represent  respectively  the  efficiency  of  the  pipe  line  transmission 
and  of  the  boiler. 

LOSS  OF  ENERGY  IN  STEAM  PIPES  BY  RADIATION  IN  DELIV- 
ERING 1,000  LBS.  OF  STEAM  PER  HOUR  THROUGH  A  BARE 
WROUGHT  IRON  PIPE  100  FT.  LONG,  TERMINAL  GAGE  PRES- 
SURE 75  LBS.1 


Nominal  Inside 

Pounds  of  Steam  Lost  per  Hour  per  100  Linear  Feet. 

in  Inches. 

By  Friction. 

By  Radiation. 

Total. 

I 

177.7 

22.  9 

200.6 

I* 

58.2 

29.0 

87.2 

?J 

23.4 

33-2 

56.6 

2 

5-6 

4L4 

47.0 

2j 

1.8 

50-1 

51.9 

3 

0.7 

61.1 

61.8 

3t 

0-3 

69.8 

70.1 

4 

O.  2 

78.5 

78.7 

The  formula  for  this  work  can  be  derived  as  follows : 
From  diagram,  Fig.  30,      N  =  number  cubic  feet  free  air  per  min. 

for  the  drills  in  question  at  75 
Ibs.  pressure  and  at  sea  level. 
n  =  coefficient  for  altitude   and  pres- 
sure. 
C  =  B.T.U's.  in  one  pound  of  coal,  say 

12,000. 

5  =  number  cubic  feet  occupied  by  one 
pound  of  steam  at  the  given 
pressure  (Table  B). 

v  =  volume  of  one  cubic  foot  of  free  air 
after  compression  to  the  given 
pressure  (Table  A). 
W = number  of  B.T.U's.  in  one  pound 
of  steam  from  water  at  32°  F., 
say  1176. 

E  =  percentage  of  boiler  efficiency. 


From  small  diagram, 
Fig.  3°> 


From  table,  page  56, 


From  table,  page  56, 


From  table,  page  56, 


1  Rock  Excavation,  page  60. 


58  ROCK  DRILLING 

From  table,  page  57,  e  =  percentage  of  pipe  line  efficiency. 

Then  Nn  =  actual  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute  to  run 

the  drills. 

Nvn  =  number  of  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per 
minute  to  run  the  drills. 

Nvn 

— o~  =  number  of  pounds  of  compressed  steam  per 

minute  to  run  the  drills,  not  allowing  for 
losses  in  transmission  or  boiler  and 

6oNvn 

— =^ —  =  number  of  pounds  of  steam  per  hour  to  run 

the  drills,  allowing  for  losses  in  boiler  anp 
steam  line. 

6oNvnW 
,yq  „    =  number  of  pounds  of  coal  actually  consumed 

per  hour  to  run  the  drills  from  a  steam 
boiler. 

Time  Study  and  Costs  of  Drilling  with  Steam  and  Air. 

The  following  is  the  analysis  of  the  operation  of  drilling  with  a 
machine. 

Time  to  change  bits  and  pump  hole  =e  mm. 
Time  to  drill  one  foot  =d  min.  per  foot 

Time  to  move  drill  and  waste  time    =/  min. 
Time  to  set  up  drill  =g  min. 

Length  of  feed  in  feet  =/ 

Depth  of  hole  in  feet  =  D 

Time  to  drill  length  of  feed  =fd 

D 
Number  of  bits  per  hole  =T~ 

Time  to  drill  one  hole  ===(g+/^)~7  +  (^  +  £)    including     moving      and 

setting  up  drill. 

Number  of  working  minutes  per  day  =  M  (say,  600) 

M 


Number  of  holes  per  day 


Feet  drilled  per  day 


DRILLING   ON  LAND  59 

Cost  per  day  .      =C=on  standard  basis. 

Cost  per  foot  drilled 


If  l+g  =  S,  or  the  average  time  to  move  drill  and  set  up; 

df=r,  or  the  time  to  drill  the  length  of  feed;  and 
e-\-r=T,  or  the  time  required  on  an  average  for  changing 
bits,  pumping  hole,  and  drilling  the  length  of  feed, 
this  formula  reduces  to  the  following: 

CT     CS 
~^' 


These  two  expressions  have  been  plotted  for  both  steam  and 
air  operated  drills,  in  the  accompanying  diagrams  from  which 
can  be  read  directly  the  cost  per  foot  of  hole  when  these  values 
are  known,  and  the  values  can  be  obtained  in  a  very  short  time 
in  the  field  with  an  ordinary  watch  and  note  book,  within  a  very 
small  limit  of  error,  so  that  by  means  of  this  diagram  it  is  possible 
upon  field  inspection  to  tell  about  what  the  drilling  is  costing, 
and,  by  the  application  of  the  data  of  this  volume,  what  it  ought 
to  cost. 

It  should  be  noted  particularly  that  feed  is  the  difference  in 
length  between  the  successive  bits,  which  for  ordinary  work  is 
2'.  It  makes  no  difference  in  this  formula  whether  the  machine 
has  a  possible  feed  of  30"  or  12",  the  value  is  effected  by  the 
successive  lengths  of  the  bits  alone.  Where  it  is  difficult  to  get 
the  following  bit  down  into  the  hole  a  machine  feed  should  be 
used  several  inches  longer  than  the  difference  between  the  lengths 
of  the  bits,  since  this  may  effect  the  time  of  changing  bits  and 
pumping  the  hole. 


60 


ROCK  DRILLING 


P* 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


61 


62 


ROCK  DRILLING 


DIAGRAMS  OF  CUTTING  SPEED  IN  VARIOUS  MATERIALS 
WITH  AND  WITHOUT  JET 


.we 


152 


120  120  45          65 

No,  of  Observations 


Material. 

Jet. 

No.  Obs. 

Avg.  Ft. 
Min. 

Authority. 

Limestone  
Limestone  .  -  .  - 

Without  jet..  .  . 
With  jet... 

J52 
147 

0.117 
0.311 

Cons.  Service  Co. 
Cons.    Service    Co 

,    H.    P. 

Slate            

Without  jet. 

04 

0.144 

Gillette 
Cons.  Service  Co., 

Miscella- 

Granite            -  - 

Without  jet. 

I2O 

0.181 

neous  (10) 
Cons.  Service  (no) 

Sandstone  
Sandstone 

Without  jet  
With  jet 

3° 
125 

0.229 
o.o?6 

H.  P.  Gillette 
Cons.  Service  Co. 

Schist,  quartz.  . 
Porphyry  .  - 

Without  jet  
Without  jet  

45 

65 

0.242 
0.273 

Miscellaneous 
Miscellaneous 

Shale  

Without  jet  

100 

0.335 

Cons.  Service  Co. 

Shale            

With  jet 

IOO 

o.  <z6 

Cons.  Service  Co. 

Soaps  tone  
Trao 

Without  jet  
Without  jet 

0.104 
o.  146 

H.  P.  Gillette 
H.  P.  Gillette 

DRILLING  ON  LAND 


63 


"e"  CURVES  "e"(Values  of  "e"  for  use  in  formula) 

TO  SHOW 

TIME  TO  CHANGE  STEEL-STOP  TO  START 
No  Pumping  Necessary        Pumping  Necessary 
No.Obs.  Mat.  Min.  Avg.  Max.  A«th.  No.Obs.Mat.Min.  Avg. Max 
14        Slate    0-'40"  2^30"  o4j5"  C.S.Co.     "12         L.S.    1-35"  4fo  1U&51 


Gran.    I'-ld"  3^47"  9-'l5"       «•  19        Gran.  2-30"  5-'<H)"  8'*5i 

25          «•       1-50"  3-'49"   5-40"       ••  27        Gran.  2-'25*  5-'<>2"  7^50h- 

15         L.S.    l-'35"  34i6"    9^30"       «  13          L.S.    S-'so"  6-56"  H-05 


15  12 

No.  Observations 


Values  of  l+g="S" 
Time  to  Move  and  Set  up  Drill  for  One  Hole 


Note  on  Column  Work 
Divide  the  time  selected  for  dismant- 
ling column  &  drill  and  setting  up  by 
no  of  holes  drilled  at  one  setting  of 
col,  and  add  to  the  value  chosen 
from  "Column  curve"  to  get  proper 
"S"=  "1+g"  to  use  in  COST 
CURVES. 


No.Obs.Avg.Mouut  Auth 
7-45    Iripod  C.S.Co, 
8-13        « 
24-07        «' 
S.  25-OU        "       Gillett! 

»     c.s.c« 


Dismau.  &  Setting  Up  Column  &  drill 
*w  Column  values*   g          107-40  "    C.S.Co. 


No.  Observations 

"*Unusualy  long  time  due  to  fact  that  after  dismantling  column  and  drill  had  to  be  taken  out  of  heading  for  blast 


applicable  to 

quarry  bar     G.Avg.     28-00 


64  ROCK  DRILLING 


Directions  for  Using  Cost  Curves 

i.  Estimating  the  Cost  of  Drilling  on  Proposed  Work. 

Let  us  say  that  we  wish  to  make  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  drilling 
under  certain  special  conditions.  Drills  to  be  tripod  mounted  and 
operated  by  steam.  The  rock  is  solid  limestone,  holes  to  be  10 
ft.  deep  and  pumped  after  each  length  of  feed  is  drilled.  Feed 
24",  Proceed  thus: 

On  the  diagram  of  cutting  speeds  (p.  62)  we  see  that  an 
average  performance  for  limestone  is  0.117  ft.  =  1.4"  per  cutting 
minute.  Time  to  cut  24"  is  then  17  minutes.  On  the  diagram 
marked  "e"  Curves,  we  note  that  a  fair  time  for  pumping  and 
changing  steels  is  5  minutes.  The  men  to  be  employed  being 
well  trained  we  will  allow  4  minutes  for  these  6perations.  On 
the  bottom  of  the  same  page  in  the  "l+g  =  S"  Curves,  we  note 
that  26  minutes  is  a  fair  time  to  move  from  one  hole  to  another 
and  set  up  and  get  started  (for  tripod  drills).  But  with  experi- 
enced men  and  solid  material  we  expect  to  do  this  in  say  12 
minutes.  The  average  time  then  to  pump,  change  bits  and  drill 
the  length  of  the  24"  feed  will  be  4  minutes,  plus  17  minutes, 
or  21  minutes,  and  on  the  diagram  for  steam-operated  drills  the 
2i-minute  line  intersects  the  24"  feed  line  opposite  18  cts.  At 
the  right  of  the  diagram  the  i2-minute  line  for  moving  and 
setting  up  drill  intersects  the  lo-foot  line  for  depth  of  hole  opposite 
the  line  representing  2  cts.  This,  added  to  18  cts..  will  give  20  cts. 
as  the  cost  of  the  drilling  on  the  standard  basis,  including  plant, 
depreciation  and  repairs,  but  not  including  superintendence  and 
overhead  charges,  the  total  charge  assumed  being  $10.22  per 
drill  day  of  ten  hours.  Where  the  working  time  of  a  shift,  or 
the  drill  charges  per  day  are  essentially  different  from  these 
assumptions  the  number  20  should  be  multiplied  by  the 

Cf 

expression  0.585   T^  where  C'  is  the  actual  cost  per  drill  day 

and  Mf  is  the  number  of  working  minutes  per  shift.  The  figures 
can  of  course  be  obtained  without  the  diagram,  but  it  is  useful 
in  saving  a  good  deal  of  time  in  computation. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  65 

2.  Checking  up  the  Cost  of  Drilling  on  a  Job  under  Way. 

Material Granite  fairly  solid.     Pump  used.  ~ 

Drills Air — Tripod  mount. 

Feed 24  inches 

Holes 10  feet 

With  ordinary  watch  take  the  following  observations. 

Obs.  (i).  Drilling  24"  of  hole  (start  to  stop),  16  minutes. 

Obs.  (2).  Changing  steels  and  pumping  (start  to  stop),  7 
minutes. 

Obs.  (3).  Moving  drill  over  to  new  hole,  setting  up  and  getting 
started,  35  minutes.  Add  (i)  and  (2)^=16  min. +7  min.  =  23 
mins.,  and  with  23  as  abscissa,  read  opposite  the  24"  feed  line 
on  the  right  side  of  page  on  "  Cost  Curves  for  Air-operated 
Drills,"  21.3  cts.  as  the  cost  of  drilling,  pumping  and  changing 
steels  for  one  foot  of  hole. 

With  Obs.  (3)  or  35  minutes  as  abscissa,  read  opposite  the 
lo-foot  hole  line  (on  left  of  same  sheet)  6.4  cts.  as  the  cost  of 
moving  drill  over,  setting  up  and  getting  started  for  one  foot 
of  hole.  Then  21.3  cts.  +6.4  cts.  =  27.7,  as  the  total  cost  of  drilling 
per  lineal  foot  (supeiintendence  and  overhead  charges  not  included) 
on  the  standard  basis  of  $11.07  Per  drill  day  of  10  hours. 

Now  to  find  what  a  fair  average  cost  for  this  same  work 
ought  to  be,  proceed  thus: 

On  the  diagram  of  ''Cutting  Speeds"  read  the  mean  cutting 
speed  for  granite  as  0.181'  per  cutting  minute  or  12 X. 181  =  2.172" 
per  minute.  Use  2"  per  minute.  Then  time  to  drill  length 
of  feed  24"  would  be  12  minutes.  On  the  diagram  entitled 
"e  Curves"  we  see  that  the  average  time  for  pumping  and  chang- 
ing steels  is  5  minutes  13  seconds,  say  5  minutes.  Using  this 
value  and  adding  to  it  the  12  minutes  we  get  17  minutes  as  a 
fair  average  time  for  cutting  24",  pumping  and  changing  steels. 
On  the  "(l+g)=  S  Curves"  (p.63),  we  see  that  for  tripod  drills 
the  average  time  for  moving  from  one  hole  to  another,  setting 
up  and  getting  started,  is  26  minutes  9  seconds,  say  26  minutes. 
We  now  have  the  two  quantities  to  use  in  the  "  Cost  Curves  for 
Air-operated  Drills,"  namely,  17  and  26. 

With  17  as  abscissa,  read  opposite  the  24-inch  feed  Jine  on 


66 


ROCK  DRILLING 


right  of  "  Cost  Curve"  sheet,  15.7  cts.  as  the  cost  of  drilling,  pump- 
ing and  changing  steel  for  one  foot  of  hole.  With  26  as  abscissa 
on  the  left  of  same  sheet,  read  opposite  the  lo-foot  hole  line  4.7  cts. 
as  the  cost  of  moving  drill  over,  setting  up  and  getting  started  per 
foot  of  hole.  Then  15.7  cts.  +4.7  cts.  =  20.4  cts.  as  the  total  cost  of 
drilling  one  foot  (superintendence  and  overhead  changes  not  in- 
cluded) on  the  standard  basis  of  $11.07  per  drill  day  of  10  hours. 

The  actual  cost  was  27.7  cts.  per  foot,  a  difference  of  7.3  cts. 
per  foot  drilled.  If  a  plant  of  12  drills  did  32'  per  day  the  excess 
cost  above  the  average  would  be  12X32X7.3  cts.  =$28.03  per 
day— a  matter  that  might  well  be  looked  into. 

"  Experience  Tables  of  Cost  of  Drilling  and  Blasting  and 
Amount  of  Explosive,"  compiled  from  various  sources,  are  given 
on  pages  67-74. 

Standard  Rates  on  Dry  Drilling.  On  the  various  pieces 
of  work  described  in  this  volume  there  has  been  some  difference 
in  the  rates  of  wages,  so  that  the  actual  costs  obtaining  on  the 
work  are  not  a  true  index  of  the  efficiency  of  the  various  field 
methods.  To  eliminate  this  discrepancy,  and  for  the  further 
reason  that  many  contractors  do  not  like  to  have  the  public 
informed  of  just  what  wages  they  are  paying  their  men,  the 
wage  items  have  been  reduced  to  a  standard  basis.  Where  the 
data  here  given  are  to  be  used  for  estimates,  it  is  necessary  only 
to  substitute  in  the  cost  tables  the  new  rates. 

TABLE    OF   STANDARD    RATES    OF   WAGES    FOR   DRILLING 


Rate  per  Hour. 

Rate  per  Day. 

Runner  or  driller.  .  .  . 
Runner  helper  

25  cts.  per  hour 
17* 

$2.  =;o  per  dav 

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17! 

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1C 

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3  50  per  ton 

Oil 

o  30  per  gallon 

Dynamite  

o  12  per  pound 

DRILLING  ON  LAND 


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p.  107 
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P-  us 
See  "Cofferdam,"  re- 
port, p.  75 
7-10  cu.yd. 

For  particulars  see  Buf- 
falo No.  5,  report,  p. 
244 
For  particulars  see  Cien- 
fugos  Harbor  report, 
p.  291 
For  particulars  see  Ed- 
wards Bros.,  report, 
p.  171 

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Remarks. 
12 

?eDuluth  Crushed  Stone 

report,  p.  1.32 
;e  particulars  report, 
p.  260 
or  particulars  see  Ex- 
ploder, rep.,  p.  199 
or  particulars  see 
Earthquake,  report,  p. 

I 
P 

| 

Brownell  Imp.  Co., 
report,  p.  125 
or  particxilars  see  Hur- 
ricane, report,  p.  231 

or  particulars  see  Dyna- 
miter, C.  S.  Co.  report, 

or  particulars  see  De- 
stroyer, report,  p.  is-j 
anal  excavation 
mucked  and  cleaned 

by  i"  steam  jet 
or  particulars  see  Hay 
Lake  report,  p.  282 

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CHAPTER    IV 
DRILLING  ON  LAND— (Continued) 

Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit  River,  Cofferdam 
Work.  The  so-called  Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit 
River  is  located  near  Amherstburg,  Ontario,  and  is  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  a  new  channel  300'  wide  and  23'  deep  at  mean 
water  level,  for  down  bound  vessels.  The  whole  job  was 
divided  up  into  four  sections  and  was  contracted  for  by  the  follow- 
ing firms : 

Sec.  No.  i,  Great  Lakes  Dock  and  Dredging  Co. 

Sec.  No.  2,  Grant,  Smith  &  Co.,  and  Locher. 

Sec.  No.  3,  O.  E.  Dunbar  and  T.  B.  McNaughton. 

Sec.  No.  4,  G.  H.  Breymann  and  Bros. 

4000'  of  Sec.  No.  2  comprise  the  so-called  "dry  work." 
The  southern  1500'  of  Sec.  No.  i  are  also  dry  work.  Part  of 
this  cofferdam  work  adjoins  Stony  Island,  and  where  such  is 
the  case  no  cofferdam  need  be  built.  The  northern  dam  of  the 
4000'  before  mentioned,  instead  of  being  built  at  right  angles  to 
the  river,  was  made  to  follow  the  old  line  of  the  Michigan 
Central  R.  R.  piers,  which  were  on  a  curve.  Due  to  this  fact 
300'  were  left  unenclosed  at  the  eastern  end  of  this  dam 
which  later  was  taken  care  of  when  the  southern  1500'  of  Sec. 
No.  i  were  enclosed.  The  work  of  damming  in  the  4000'  began 
April  4,  1908,  and  as  it  progressed  it  was  seen  that  all  could 
not  be  enclosed  before  winter  set  in.  For  this  reason  an  aux- 
illiary  dam  was  thrown  across,  1200'  up  stream  from  the  end  of 
the  4000'  section,  so  that  the  work  of  excavation  could  be 
carried  on  during  the  winter. 

There  were  112  acres  of  land  in  this  final  enclosure  having  an 
average  depth  of  water  of  about  12'.  It  took  12  days  to  pump 
this  dry.  The  apparatus  used  in  removing  this  water  was  as 
75 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  31. — Livingstone  Improvement. 


JTIG  32 — Dry  Work — Detroit  River  Cofferdam. 


DRILLING   ON   LAND 


77 


follows:  2  i2-inch  Morris  centrifugal  pumps,  49  8-inch  water 
lift  pipes.  These  pipes  are  also  known  as  "Serpents."  They 
are  8-inch  cast  iron  pipes  braced  in  an  inclined  position,  their 
lower  ends  being  about  2"  from  the  bottom  and  the  upper 
ends  emptying  into  the  river.  They  are  operated  by  a  small  air 
pipe  that  runs  down  along  the  side  of  the  larger  pipe,  curls  up 
around  the  bottom  and  into  it.  From  15  to  20  Ibs.  air  pressure 
were  used  on  these  sma  1  air  pipes.  Their  total  lift  was  about 
i2f  and  their  capacity  40,000,000  gallons  in  24  hours.  The  two 
i2-inch  pumps  were  good  for  10,000,000  gallons  per  day,  making 
a  total  of  50,000,000  gallons  in  24  hours. 


I    f* 

Cablet — •} r {  | 

Carriere 


"U 


Final  Upper  Dam 


2800'  5500 


I  Direction 

of 

Current 
•  S 


^Original  Upper  Dam 


Sketch  Showing  Position  of 'Dams 

A   drained  first 

B         "       next 

C        «        last 

A  &  B  &  C  finally  to  be  one 


1!>00' 
_^_ _  jf_Lower  Dam 

FIG.  33. 

At  the  time  of  this  investigation,  August,  1909,  the  remaining 
1200'  of  Sec.  No.  2  and  the  1500'  of  Sec.  No.  i  had  been 
enclosed. 

These  dams  were,  all  told,,  some  16,000'  in  length,  contained 
about  300,000  cu.yds.  of  material,  and  took  12  working  months 
to  construct.  Where  the  nature  of  the  bottom  permitted  it,  the 
bank  was  built  by  dredges.  Where  this  was  not  feasible,  scows 
loaded  with  broken  limestone  from  the  channel  were  dumped  along 
the  line  of  the  dam  until  so  much  material  had  been  deposited 
that  the  loaded  dump  scows  would  no  longer  float.  The  type 
of  scow  that  carries  a  deck  load  was  then  used  in  conjunction 
with  a  derrick  boat,  that  unloaded  them.  This  derrick  boat  has 
a  long  boom  that  overhangs  the  loaded  scow.  Near  the  ends  of 


78 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  34. — Upper  Section — Livingstone  Improvement. 


pIG>  3-. — Derrick  Boat  on  the  Livingstone  Improvement. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  79 

this  boom  are  sheaves  over  which  a  cable  passes.  This  cable 
passes  around  a  drum  and  has  its  two  ends  secured  to  a  scraper. 
As  the  drum  is  revolved  by  an  engine,  the  scraper  is  operated 
back  and  forth  across  the  deck  of  the  scow,  quickly  unloading 
it. 

As  soon  as  the  2800'  section  was  enclosed,  the  work  of  taking 
out  the  rock  began.  Three  similar  plants  were  installed  for  this 
purpose.  Each  one,  with  the  necessary  pumps,  consisted  of  a 
drilling  and  blasting  outfit,  a  60- ton  Marion  shovel,  an  aerial 
cableway  and  skips,  and  a  channeling  machine.  One  traction 
drill  as  an  experiment  was  also  in  use.  All  drills,  cableway 
engines  and  the  four  pumps  were  operated  by  air.  This  com- 
pressor plant  was  the  one  previously  used  by  the  same  con- 
tractors on  West  Neebish  Channel. 

Drills.  During  the  latter  part  of  August,  1909,  when  these 
observations  were  made,  there  were  14  air  drills  working.  The 
tripods  elevate  the  drill  cylinder  so  that  there  is  a  few  inches 
over  2'  between  the  ground  and  the  U-coupling  or  chuck.  This 
of  course  necessitates  the  use  of  different  sized  bits.  These  bits 
range  in  even  sizes  from  2'  to  16'  in  length.  The  drills  are 
known  as  the  Rand  "Little  Giant,''  and  are  marked  3  K.D.M.5. 
A  feature  of  this  drill  is  the  " Sergeant  rotating  collar"  that 
holds  the  dogs  which  mesh  into  the  rifle  nut.  This  is  a  friction 
collar  which  is  held  on  by  the  friction  cap.  It  is  very 
useful  when  the  bit  becomes  stuck.  To  take  an  extreme  case, 
suppose  that  the  bit  enters  a  pocket  in  the  rock  that  is 
nearly  square  in  section.  Obviously,  since  the  bit  has  to  revolve 
to  work  properly,  it  would  in  this  square  hole  do  one  of  two 
things  if  this  "collar"  were  rigid  and  immovable:  (i)  stop  the 
drill;  or,  (2)  break  the  bit.  When  the  bit  first  gets  into  this 
square  hole,  it  naturally  tends  to  stop  or  break  the  bit,  but  with 
this  arrangement,  when  a  certain  twisting  force  is  felt  on  the  bit 
this  collar  slips.  It  slips  before  the  twisting  force  is  great  enough 
to  do  either  of  the  two  things  mentioned,  but  the  pressure  exerted 
in  causing  it  to  slip  has  the  effect  of  causing  the  bit  to  take  off 
some  of  the  corners  of  the  square  hole.  Then  as  the  bit  is  raised 
and  lowered  a  few  times,  the  action  is  repeated  and  soon  the 


80 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  36.— Drill  at  Cofferdam  B. 


FIG.  37. — Drilling  at  Cofferdam  B. 


PRILLING  ON  LAND  81 

square  hole  is  round  and  the  machine  can  go  on  with  its  regular 
work.  In  this  drill  also  the  rifle  nut  has  an  odd  number  of 
teeth.  The  effect  of  this  is  that  only  one  of  the  dogs  engages 
in  the  rifle  nut  at  a  time,  and  as  a  result,  the  twisting  action 
of  the  rifle  bar  exists  when  the  stroke  is  only  half  its  normal 
length. 

DRILL  DATA: 

Rand  drill,  Little  Giant,  3  K.D.M.5. 

Diameter  of  piston,  3^". 

Stroke,  about  7". 

Lift  of  cylinder,  2'. 

U  chuck 

Air  pressure,  90  Ibs.  at  compressor. 

Strokes  per  minute,  350. 

The  drill  is  moved  by  the  runner.  After  a  hole  is  finished, 
the  bit  is  taken  out  of  the  hole  and  the  weights  are  removed  from 
the  legs  of  the  tripod.  The  runner  then  puts  a  cloth  over  his 
shoulder,  gets  under  the  tripod  and  moves  the  whole  machine 
over  until  it  is  in  its  new  position. 

On  this  job  there  are  two  types  of  bits  used :  one  for  very  hard 
rock,  and  the  other  for  the  softer  grades  of  rock.  The  type  for 
the  hard  rock  is  smaller  in  diameter  at  the  point  than  the  other 
type.  The  rock  on  this  job  is  not  hard  and  so  the  first  type  of 
bit  is  not  used  regularly,  but  only  in  the  block  holes.  Block  holes 
are  used  where  grade  has  not  been  made  by  the  regular  drills  but 
after  the  blast  a  "table"  has  been  left.  The  small  drills  are  then 
used  to  drill  through  these  tables. 

REGULAR  BITS 


Length, 
Feet. 

Starter     2 

Diameter  of  Steel, 
Inches. 

ij 

Diameter  of  Bit 
Pcint,  Inches. 

3$ 
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.  ii 

82  ROCK  DRILLING 


HARD  ROCK  BITS  (Block  Hole) 


Length,  Diameter  of  Steel,  Diameter  of  Bit 

Feet,  Inches.  Point,  Inches. 


Starter,  2 
4 
6 


10 2 

12 if- 

14 if 

16 if 

The  kind  of  point  is  the  common  +  point. 

Section  of  steel,  octagonal. 

Point  tempered  till  file  won't  touch. 

In  drilling  the  holes  no  jet  is  used.  The  hole  is  kept  well 
filled  with  water  by  the  helper.  At  each  change  of  bit  the  dirty 
water  is  taken  out.  The  apparatus  used  for  doing  this  is  a 
piece  of  pipe  about  zV  long  by  ij"  in  diameter,  through  the 
inside  of  which  runs  a  jointed  rod  terminating  at  one  end  in  a 
handle,  and  at  the  other  in  a  plunger  that  closes  the  lower  end  of 
the  pipe.  To  remove  the  water  the  pipe  is  dropped  into  the  hole 
and  then  drawn  out  by  the  handle.  In  doing  this  the  plunger 
at  the  end  of  the  rod  closes  the  lower  end  of  the  ij"  pipe,  and 
the  water  is  retained  in  it.  To  empty,  the  rod  is  simply  forced 
out  thus  opening  the  end  of  the  i  J"  pipe. 

Holes,  13'  deep  and  4^"  in  diameter. 

Longitudinal  spacing,  8'. 

Lateral  spacing,  4'  and  6',  mostly  6'. 

Material,  limestone,  solid  and  not  very  hard. 

Forty  to  fifty  holes  shot  per  blast. 

Pluto  powder  used. 

Sticks,  iJ'XS". 

Glycerine  per  cu.yd.  loosened,  0.422  Ibs. 

Blasting  battery  used  for  setting  off  blast. 

Two  blasters,  2  helpers,  i  cleaner  and  i  helper,  compose  a 
blasting  gang. 

The  boilers  used  at  the  compressor  plant  are  three  in  number? 
each  210  H.P.  Each  is  20'  long  and  ff  across,  having  84 
4-inch  tubes  with  a  30-inch  steam  dome.  They  were  made  by 
the  Erie  Iron  Works. 


FIG.  38 — Drill  Scow — Thousand  Islands,  St.  Lawrence  River. 


FIG.  30. — Submarine  Drill  Scow,  Boston  Harbor — Johnston  &  Virden,  Contractors. 

83 


84  ROCK  DRILLING 

The  compressor  plant  consists  of  two  Rand  Drill  Co.  units, 
each  two-stage.  The  intakes  of  each  low  pressure  are  mechan- 
ical, and  the  outlets  automatic.  The  capacity  of  the  larger 
machine  is  5725  cu.ft.  per  minute,  while  that  of  the  smaller  is 
1900  cu.ft.  per  minute.  Each  low  pressure  raises  the  air  to 
30  Ibs.  and  the  high  pressure  can  take  it  up  to  95  Ibs.,  but  it 
usually  runs  at  90  Ibs.  The  temperature  of  air  at  95  Ibs.  is  about 
200°  F.  The  numbers  of  the  low  pressure  and  high  pressure 
respectively  of  the  large  machine  are  Nos.  2127  and  2126.  The 
large  machine  is  operated  by  2  Newburg  engines,  having  a 
pressure  of  150  Ibs.;  350  H.P.;  4'  stroke;  large  Cylinder,  40"; 
small  cylinder,  22";  75  revs,  per  min.  The  small  machine  is 
operated  by  two  Hamilton  Corliss  engines  running  at  95  revolu- 
tions per  minute  and  having  a  pressure  of  150  Ibs.,  and  400  H.P. 
The  cylinders  are  respectively  30"  and  17",  and  stroke  of  each 
30".  This  compressor  plant  is  the  same  as  that  used  on  West 
Neebish  channel,  and  depreciation  was  figured  at  25%  on  that 
job,  which  is  roughly  6%  per  year. 

As  has  been  said  this  compressor  plant  was  used  for  the 
operation  of  the  3  cableway  engines  as  well  as  the  drills.  It 
is  estimated  that  half  the  plant  capacity  is  used  for  each 
purpose. 

The  contract  reads  for  750  good  working  days.  The  con- 
tractors say  that  it  will  take  a  year  to  finish  the  work. 

The  drill  crews  of  the  two  upper  shovels  work  two  8-hour 
shifts,  8  A.M.  to  5  P.M.  and  6  P.M.  to  3  A.M. 

The  drill  crews  of  the  lower  shovels  work  three  8-hour 
shifts.  The  shovel  crews  work  only  two  shifts,  8  to  5  and 
6  to  3. 

Each  tripod  drill  has  one  runner  and  one  helper.  The  trac- 
tion drill  also  is  operated  by  the  same  number  of  men. 

The  runners  get  $2  per  day  and  the  helper  $1.75  per  day. 

The  contract  prices  are,  for  rock,  $1.24  per  yd.;  for  earth, 
60  cts.  per  yd. 

The  work  of  the  smith  is  mainly  rcpointing  the  drills  and 
sharpening  the  channeling  irons. 

The  coal  is  brought  by  boat  to  the  dock  and  unloaded  into  a 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


FIG.  40. — Livingstone  Improvement. 


FIG.  41.— Loading  Holes  for  Blasting,  Livingstone  Improvement. 


86 


ROCK  DRILLING 


large  chute.  A  dinkey,  drawing  a  flat  car  which  carries  ij-ton 
dump  boxes,  gets  a  load  and  draws  it  about  J  a  mile  to  the  boiler 
house  supply.  Here  a  jib  crane  lifts  the  boxes  off  the  flat  car, 
swings  them  over  to  the  pile,  where  the  boxes  are  emptied  by 
turning  them  upside  down.  18  tons  per  day  at  the  compressor 
plant  and  J  of  this  or  9  tons,  or  946  Ibs.  per  drill  per  shift  are 
charged  to  drilling. 

Thirty  cents  per  ton  is  the  cost  of  handling  the  coal. 

At  the  compressor  about  3  qts.  of  oil  are  used  per  day.  At 
the  drills  2  pts.  of  oil  are  used  per  drill  per  shift. 


FIG.  42.  —  Drilling  —  Livingstone  Improvement. 

The  repairs  on  the  West  Neebish  contract  cost  $9765  for  1000 
working  days.  On  this  basis  repairs  per  drill  day  were  roughly 
$i.  Interest  and  depreciation  on  the  10  drills,  including  the 
compressor  and  boiler  plant,  at  2%  per  working  month  on  $16,000 


320 


7* 


Superintendence.  During  the  month  of  June,  1909,  there 
was  one  superintendent  on  the  job  and  10  foremen.  These  men 
had  charge  of  20  drillers  and  also  the  other  employees,  such 
as  shovel  men  (3  shovels),  cableway  men  (3  cableways),  pumpmen 
and  laborers. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  87 

During  this  month  there  were  also  on  the  job  one  bookkeeper, 
one  clerk  and  two  timekeepers. 

Moving  Plant.  16%  of  the  observed  time  was  consumed 
in  shifting  the  drills  from  hole  to  hole  and  in  getting  started. 
The  average  number  of  drills  during  the  eight  months  (January 
to  September),  1909,  was  9^  in  each  of  the  2  shifts,  or  19  per  day. 
The  cost  of  moving  drills  per  day  on  the  above  basis  would  be 
16%  of  the  daily  drilling  w^ages,  which  are  $106.20,  or  $17.00, 
or  893  cts.  per  drill  per  shift. 

The  lighting  for  the  night  work  is  done  by  portable  acetylene 
gaslights  in  sets  of  two  each.  Each  burner  is  provided  with  a 
reflector.  Fifty  pounds  of  carbide  are  burned  during  each  night 
shift  by  a  set  of  two  lights.  Handles  on  the  wooden  outer  casing 
form  an  easy  means  of  making  the  lamps  portable.  These  lights 
seem  to  be  a  very  satisfactory  means  of  illumination. 

The  Traction  Drill.  Mr.  C.  H.  Locher  conceived  the  idea 
that  a  drill  could  be  made  to  work  in  a  frame  on  land  in  a  similar 
manner  to  the  marine  drills.  He  therefore  set  about  to  construct 
one  as  a  model,  to  test  it  and  find  its  weak  points  and  then  make 
a  good  one  that  would  satisfy  every  requirement.  This  traction 
drill  presents  a  rather  clumsy  appearance,  but  it  seems  to  do 
the  work  in  a  satisfactory  manner.  The  whole  mechanism  is 
mounted  on  four  heavily  spoked  wheels  with  broad  rims,  which 
have  numerous  f"  lugs  of  metal  to  furnish  a  good  grip  for 
moving  about.  The  wheels  are  on  4-inch  axles  having  an  8' 
gauge  and  spaced  about  9'  apart.  In  order  to  steer  the  machine 
properly  it  is  so  arranged  that  the  runner  may  turn  the  rear 
axle  independently  of  the  front  axle.  Extending  out  some  3' 
from  each  end  of  the  front  axle  are  two  4-inch  timbers,  in  the  ends 
of  which  are  two  jack-screws  for  anchoring  the  machine  in  posi- 
tion. The  bed  for  the  machinery  is  made  up  of  6"X8"  timbers 
resting  on  two  i2"X  12"  stringers.  The  frame  in  which  the  drill- 
slide  moves  up  and  down  is  made  up  of  two  well-braced 
vertical  i2"Xi2"  timbers  with  a  i2//Xi2//  cross  piece  at  the 
top.  At  the  top  and  bottom  of  this  vertical  frame  are  sheaves, 
and  about  2'  above  the  lower  one  a  drum  shaft  passes  through 
the  frame  and  terminates  at  each  end  in  a  worm  wheel.  A 


88 


ROCK  DRILLING 


f -inch  cable  secured  at  one  end  to  the  drillslide  passes  upward 
over  the  top  sheave,  thence  down,  making  several  turns  around 
the  lo-inch  drum,  thence  around  the  lower  sheave,  and  thence 
up,  terminating  in  the  bottom  of  the  drillslide.  The  worm 
wheel  on  the  end  of  the  drum  shaft  is  rotated  through  suitable 
reduction  gearing  by  a  small  double  cylinder  air  driven  engine 
which  also  furnishes  transmission  for  the  machine.  A  4"  cog  on 
the  crank-shaft  of  the  engine  meshes  into  a  12"  cog  on  another 


FIG.  43.— Traction  Drill. 

shaft.  On  the  latter  shaft  a  5"  cog  meshes  into  a  24"  cog. 
The  shaft  on  which  this  24"  wheel  revolves  terminates  at  each 
end  in  a  positive  clutch  that  may  be  engaged  with  a  cog  having 
secured  to  it  the  gearing  that  operates  the  machine  forward  and 
backward.  Transmission  from  these  cogs  to  the  forward  axle  is 
by  chains  passing  over  the  cogs  and  a  large  sprocket  wheel  near 
each  end  of  the  front  axle.  Near  the  ends  of  the  shaft  that  has 
this  coupling  arrangement  are  two  14"  bevel  gears  meshing  into 
5"  bevel  gears  each  secured  to  an  inclined  shaft  terminating  in  a 
worm.  These  worms  each  mesh  into  the  worm  wheels  on  the 
end  of  the  drum  shaft,  before  mentioned,  in  the  drill  frame.  The 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


89 


FIG.  45.— Traction  Drill. 


90  ROCK  DRILLING 

14"  bevel  gears  are  so  arranged  that  one  lever  operated  by  the 
runner  throws  the  feed  in  and  the  transmission  out,  or  vice  versa. 

Air  is  used  for  three  purposes  on  this  machine:  (i),  engine; 
(2),  drill;  (3),  air  wash-out.  The  feed  pipe  for  these  purposes 
is  as  follows:  From  a  branch  of  the  main  line  a  2"  pipe  runs  50' 
and  from  its  end  50'  of  ij"  hose,  coupled  on  by  means  of  a 
reducer,  extends  to  the  side  of  the  drill  wagon  into  a  i  J"  pipe  3'  long. 
By  a  system  of  pipes,  right  angles  and  tees,  air  is  taken  off,  first 
for  air  wash-out,  then  for  engine,  and  finally  for  the  drill  cylinder. 

The  drill  used  on  this  novel  apparatus  is  the  Ingersoll-Ser- 
geant,  Type  CQ.  There  is  no  regular  water  wash-out,  only  a  slow 
stream  of  water  being  allowed  to  flow  into  the  hole.  The  two 
great  advantages  of  this  traction  drill  over  the  small  tripod  drills, 
as  will  be  pointed  out  later,  in  connection  with  the  time  study  of 
each,  are  (i)  increased  cutting  speed,  and  (2)  saving  of  time  by 
not  having  to  change  bits  after  each  2'  of  drilling.  A  new  steel 
traction  drill  is  being  constructed  that  is  to  have  a  special  hot 
water  heater,  so  that  the  water  used  for  flushing  the  hole  will 
not  freeze  in  winter — a  material  advantage. 

The  Cable  Cars.  After  the  rock  is  drilled  and  blasted  the 
shovels  pick  it  up  and  dump  it  into  2j-yd.  steel  skips,  that  are 
then  picked  up  by  the  cable  cars  and  carried  over  to  the  spoil 
bank  and  dumped.  There  are,  as  before  stated,  three  Marion 
shovels,  and  three  sets  of  cables.  Each  cable  has  two  support- 
ing towers  about  1 10'  high.  These  towers  are  each  in  the  form 
of  a  derrick,  and  each  is  mounted  on  a  large  ballasted  timber 
platform  that  is  itself  mounted  on  wheels,  so  that  the  cable  can 
be  moved  along  readily  when  the  shovel  enters  a  new  cut.  This 
is  done  by  means  of  an  engine  mounted  on  each  derrick  plat- 
form. They  are  Compound  Reversible  Link  Motion,  6-JX8", 
capable  of  pulling  10,000  Ibs.  on  a  single  line.  To  move  the 
derricks  long  cable  lines  with  numerous  blocks  are  anchored  ahead, 
and  the  engine  takes  in  the  cables  so  placed,  on  its  cable  drum. 

The  table  on  page  91  is  a  general  summary  of  the  data  on  file 
in  the  Government  Office  at  Amherstburg,  Ontario,  obtained  with 
the  consent  of  the  contractor.  The  items  marked  *  are  deduc- 
tions from  the  data  on  file. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


91 


s  ff8V.x.S8;8.S 


' 

» 


X  > 


00-^-,0 


2  o  o  o 


I 

1 
>Wt-" 


•81 


=  |S?gS-S-3x, 
J3  2H3.P  t,=  u  j^^ 

O,     fll         rtl         fll         *"< 


92 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  46.— Loading  by  Hand  into  Skip. 


JTIG   4y — Loading  Rock  with  Steam  Shovel. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


93 


The  following  figures  which  give  the  cost  with  a  tripod  drill 
per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per  cu.yd.  of  pay  rock  looseneoVare 
based  on  the  average  performance  during  204  days,  covering  a 
period  of  8  months,  January  to  August  inclusive,  1909. 


MATERIAL— SOLID   LIMESTONE 


Days  worked 204 

Total  number  of  holes 26,327 

Total  lineal  feet I75,5°I 

Total  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock. .  273,750 

Total  cubic  yards  of  blasted  rock  3 14,000 

Lineal  feet  per  day 840 

Av.  cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  day  1,390 
Av.  cubic  yards  blasted  rock 

per  day 1,538 

Av.  No.  drills,  g£  (2  shifts  of 

8  hours)  ==19  per  day 


Dynamite,  60% 139,850^5. 

Dynamite,  40% 120,650  " 

Total  dynamite 260,500  " 

Total  nitroglycerin 132,170 

Average  dynamite  per  day  .        1,179  ^s- 
Av.  nitroglycerin  per  day  . .  650  " 

Av.  nitroglycerin  per  cubic 

yard  pay  rock 0.484  ' ' 

Av.  nitroglycerin  per  cubic 

yard  blasted  rock 0.422   " 


Basis  c 

f  Costs 

Force. 

Standard 
Rate. 

Amount. 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Foot. 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.  Yd. 
Pay.  Cents. 

19  drillers  at                    

2    OO 

$38  00 

19  driller  helpers  

I    71; 

33    2=;      $71.  2^ 

8.48 

C.  IT, 

8  nippers 

I    ^O 

12    OO 

2  blacksmiths     .             

3    OO 

6  oo 

4  blacksmiths'  helpers 

I    7^ 

7  oo     $25  oo 

2    98 

I  80 

i  engineer  day     

3    OO 

3    OO 

i  engineer  night 

3OO 

-3    OO 

2  firemen     .    ...    

2    OO 

4  oo     $10  oo 

I.  19 

o  72 

Total  drilling  labor 

$106  25 

12  6=; 

7  6? 

Coal,  9  tons  at  $3  50  

31     ^O 

Oil   2  quarts  per  drill  at  o  30 

I    43 

32    0? 

3    02 

2    7,7 

Total  drilling 

$13,0  18 

16  <7 

IO    O2 

5  powdermen  at  $2  oo  

IO   OO 

6  helpers  at  $i   50 

9OO 

10   OO 

2    26 

I   37 

1179  Ibs.  dynamite  at  0.12  

141   48 

1  25  exploders  at  003..  

•2    7^ 

IJC      27 

17    3O 

IO  43 

Total  loosening 

$3O3    41 

^6    13 

21   82 

Int.  and  dep.  on  10  drills  and  nec- 
essary   compressor   and  boiler 
capacity   at    2%   per  working 
month  $16,000  

$12.30 

1.46 

0.89 

Total  cost  of  drilling  per  drill  per 
shift  =  

SS'S-?1 

$7-34 

37-59 

22.71 

94  ROCK  DRILLING 

In  the  tabulation  of  costs  on  page  93  no  account  has  been  taken 
of  contractor's  overhead  charges  or  superintendence,  organiza- 
tion or  preparatory  expenses,  insurance,  accidents,  charity, 
repairs,  legal,  medical  expenses,  etc. 

TIME   STUDY— Dec.  31,  1909 

Lineal  feet  drilled  during  observations,  32 
Observed  time,  7  hr.  25  min.  25  sec. 
Cycle  time,         5  hr.  40  min.  20  sec. 
Idle  time,  I  hr.  45  min.  05  sec. 


KIND  OF  ROCK— LIMESTONE 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec- 

Time. 
Consumed 
Min.     Sec. 

Per  Cent 
of  Total. 
Time. 

Drill  cutting 

16 
16 
16 
16 
13 
I3 

13 
J3 
J3 
*3 

7     20 
o     25 

0       10 
O       IO 

0     J5 
i     45 

o     o^ 

0        10 

o     25 
o     05 

12      53 
o      49 

o     34 
o     23 
o     28 

2     55 

o     24 

0       20 

°     54 
o     09 

19     5° 
I      30 

1     45 
o     40 
o     50 
5     30 

I        10 

o     40 
I     40 
o     20 

245     °5 
13      10 

9     °5 
6     05 
6     oo 
38     oo 

5     10 
4     25 
ii      25 

1     55 

55-1 
2.9 

2.0 

1.4 
1.4 
8.6 

1.  1 

I.O 

2-5 
0.4 

Raising  drill  

Loosening 

Removing  bit.. 

Getting  bailer  

Bailing 

Getting  and  dropping  bi  t 
in  hole 

Inserting  in  chuck  

Tightening  chuck 

Getting  started  
Cycle  totals  

10     50 
arted,   2 

19  49 
obs 

33     55 

340       20 
70       50 

34     15 

76.4 
J5-9 
7-7 

Moving  drill  over  and  ge 
Miscellaneous  delays. 

tting  st 

Total  time  

445      25 
=  7hr.25 

IOO.O 

m.  25  s. 

Cutting  speed  0.1305'  per  cutting  minute  =  7.830'  per  cutting  hour. 


cutting  time 

Ratio — : =0.551. 

total  time 


idle  time 

Ratio  :— ; = 

cycle  time 


Cycle  time,  exclusive  of  drilling,  =  95  m.  15  s.  for  3 2'  =3  m.   per  lineal  foot  of 
hole. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


95 


FIG.  48. — Detroit  River  Cofferdam. 


FIG.  49. — One  of  the  Head  Towers. 


96 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  50. — Pump. 

TIME   STUDY 

Obs.  time,  3  hr.     Traction  drill,  type  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Cg. 
No.  holes,  8.     Lineal  feet  drilled,  56^. 

MATERIAL,    SOFT   LIMESTONE 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec. 

Time. 
Consumed 
Min.    Sec. 

Per  Cent 
of  Total. 
Time. 

Drill  cutting  

8 

IO      4< 

ii     c6 

14     10 

QC          2C. 

r  -?    o 

Raising  drill 

8 

O       3C 

O       4.1 

O      4C 

52S 

30 

Preparing  to  move  back.. 
Moving  back 

8 

7 

0     J5 

O       I  C 

I       09 
I       II 

2       40 
2       ?O 

9     10 
8     is 

•w 

5-1 

4    7 

Lowering  jacks  

8 

I       OO 

i     16 

2       IS 

IO       IO 

<  6 

In  position,  not  working. 

8 

0       00 

o     07 

o     35 

I       00 

0.6 

Cycle  total 

1  2       5O 

1  6     20 

22       C  C 

1  2O       2? 

72    O 

Miscellaneous  delays 

27       OO 

It;   o 

Moving  to  new  range 

23       3C. 

It    O 

*o-  w 

Total.. 

1  80      00 

100.  0 

Cutting  speed  =  0.59  'per  cutting  minute. 
Cutting  speed,  tripod  drill,  0.1305'  per  cutting  minute. 
Above  due  to  the  much  larger  type  of  drill. 

cutting  time  idle  time 


Ratio 


Ratio 


=0.389. 


total  time  ~  cycle  time 

Cycle  time,  exclusive  of  drilling,  =34  min.  for  56^  =  36  sec.  per  lineal  ft. 
drilled.     Same  for  the  tripod  drill  6  min.  and  15  sec. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


97 


:  : 

Remarks  Con- 
cerning Charac- 
ter of  Material, 
Location,  etc. 

- 

spector  ! 
ngineer  , 

•d 

T3 

-   18 

°gJ2    r 
o^  aS 
^      S-S 

w  : 

In 
.  Assistant  E 

-J  .  1  *9  M 

S  «  S  c 

O  o  £  S 

OCJ§H 

w 

Amount  of 

Dynamite 
Used,  Lbs. 

^0 

i| 

,0  0) 

—  tf! 
JQ 

Pay  Depth 
for 
Removal  of 
Material 

1 

I?s 

$*$ 

8?  5 

QQ 

s  s 

II 

&•* 
|I8S 

a>  .-, 

a  §  w 

c  <u  <u 

SB! 

Q^K 

mitted  .  .  . 

Ov 

ll^J 

«  C  0*3 

$S  « 

.  W 

11 

g^ 
o"3 

rs 

Hi 

^^P 

and  corre 
Respectf 

•X 

;J 

:1 

fc  tn  § 

°S^ 

^ffi5 
£ffiQ 

is  a  true 

ed  

rilling  for  t 

o 

H 

1 
S  Q 

oj 
4) 

ontract  dat 
.eport  of  D 

H  s  1 

UJ      S 

tf 

0       w 

^|K 

1 
>, 

o«  : 

H 

:s 

:e 

> 

1 

1—1 

Q  M 

c  o 
o-r 
§£ 

1* 

>iO. 

1 

o 

98  ROCK  DRILLING 

This  shows  very  clearly  the  great  saving  of  time  due  to 
not  having  to  change  steels  during  drilling.  The  two  great 
advantages  of  the  heavy  traction  drill  over  the  small  tripod 
drill  are  this  great  saving  in  time  due  to  not  having  to  change 
steels  during  the  process  of  drilling,  and  the  much  greater  cutting 
speed  due  to  the  use  of  much  larger  drills.  The  above  figures  very 
clearly  show  this.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  there  are  not 
many  cases  where  conditions  are  as  ideal  as  they  were  here  for 
the  use  of  a  traction  drill.  The  surface  of  the  limestone  was 
here  practically  level,  and  the  cut  being  300'  wide  and  some 
thousand  feet  loner  a  traction  drill  was  indeed  a  great  innovation. 


CHAPTER  V 
DRILLING    ON    LAND— Continued 

D.  L.  &  W.  Cut-off.  The  so-called  D.  L.  &  W.  Cut- 
off is  a  new  undertaking  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and 
Western  Railroad  for  the  purpose  of  shortening  the  old  line  from 
New  York  to  Buffalo.  The  cost  of  the  work  is  estimated  at 
$9,454,154  and  the  date  set  for  its  completion  is  August,  1911. 
This  new  line  will  be  28.45  miles  m  length  and  will  join  the  old 
line  at  Hopatcong  on  the  east  end  and  Slateford  on  the  west  end. 
The  purposes  of  this  work  are  three-fold:  shortening  of  distance, 
reducing  the  grade  and  avoiding  tunnels.  The  distance  saved  is 
n. 12  miles  eastbound  and  10.53  miles  westbound.  The  ruling 
grade  eastbound  is  to  be  0.55%  compensated,  or  29.04'  per  mile, 
against  1.05%,  or  55.4.4'  per  mile,  on  the  old  line.  This  will  be 
a  saving  of  26.4'  per  mile  eastbound.  Westbound,  the  new  ruling 
grade  is  to  be  0.75%  compensated,  or  39.60'  to  the  mile,  against 
I-39%>  or  73-39'  to  the  mile,  on  the  old  line.  This  means  a  saving 
westbound  of  33.8'  to  the  mile. 

Two  tunnels,  the  Oxford  and  the  Manunka  Chunk  will  be 
avoided.  It  was  originally  intended  that  the  new  work  should 
have  no  tunnels,  but  near  Andover,  N.  J.,  the  seamy  nature  of 
the  rock  made  an  open  cut  dangerous  and  so  a  tunnel  is  being 
driven  there.  In  the  line  of  bridges  there  are  to  be  seventy 
structures  from  a  3'  box  culvert  up.  The  most  handsome  struc- 
ture is  that  across  the  Delaware  near  Columbia,  N.  J.  It  is 
composed  of  concrete  arches  and  is  very  artistic. 

The  contract  for  the  whole  work  has  been  let  in  seven  sections, 
approximately  4  miles  in  length. 

Beginning  at  Hopatcong,  the  eastern  end  of  the  new  work, 
the  sections  and  contractors  are  as  follows : 

99 


100  ROCK  DRILLING 

Sec.  i,  Timothy  Burke. 

Sec.  2,  Waltz  and  Reece. 

Sec.  3,  David  M.  Flickwir,  Roanoke,  Va. 

Sec.  4,  Gehagen. 

Sec.  5,  Hyde,  McFarlane  and  Burke. 

Sec.  6,  Reiter,  Curtis  &  Hill,  Phila. 

Sec.  7,  Smith-McCormick. 

On  Sec.  7,  the  Smith-McCormick  Co.  are  constructing  the 
arches  across  the  Delaware  and  have  sublet  the  other  work  to 
James  A.  Hart  of  New  York. 

Due  to  the  rocky  nature  of  the  work  much  drilling  and  blasting 
has  been  necessary.  Sections  3,  6  and  7  are  typical  of  this,  and 
the  following  observations  concerning  them  have  been  made. 

D.  M.  Flickwir,  Sec.  3,  Andover,  N.  J.  Engaged  in  drilling 
operations  on  Sec.  No.  3,  D.  M.  Flickwir  has  17  Ingersoll-Rand  drills 
operated  by  air  pressure.  Two  compressors  of  2250  cu.ft.  capacity 
are  used  to  furnish  the  necessary  air  at  no  Ibs.  pressure.  On 
that  part  of  this  section  nearest  Andover,  N.  J.,  the  rock  loosened 
by  drilling  and  blasting  operations  is  used  for  making  a  large  fill. 
The  method  employed  in  making  this  fill  consists  of  a  suspended 
track  arrangement  as  follows:  Two  large  cables  about  7'  apart, 
and  anchored  at  their  ends,  pass  upward  over  wooden  towers  for 
abutments  and  furnish  support  for  the  vertical  cables  by  which 
the  track  beneath  is  suspended.  There  are  three  sections  of 
track  thus  suspended  and  the  vertical  suspending  cables  are  so 
arranged  that  as  the  fill  progresses  the  track  may  be  pulled 
forward  into  its  new  position.  It  is  on  this  section  of  the  work 
that  the  only  tunnel  on  the  new  line  will  be  located.  The  dip 
of  the  rock,  bastard  granite,  was  here  so  sharp  that  on  account 
of  the  earthy  material  between  the  strata  it  was  feared  that  an 
open  cut  would  be  too  dangerous.  This  tunnel  is  to  be  called 
the  Roseville.  At  the  time  this  work  was  investigated  the  heading 
on  this  tunnel  had  been  nicely  started  and  holes  had  been  drilled 
for  the  next  blasting.  The  scheme  used  in  arranging  the  holes 
and  the  method  of  blasting  are  as  follows:  The  curve  of  the 
arch  was  painted  on  the  rock  in  red,  and  holes  (so-called  outside 
rounds)  were  drillied  on  this  line  about  3'  apart.  Six  feet  each 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


101 


way  from  the  center  there  is  a  row  of  holes  placed  about  15" 
apart  from  bench  to  outside  rounds.  These  holes,  10'  in  depth, 
all  point  toward  the  center  so  that  a  V-shaped  chunk  of  rock 


FIG.  51. — Drilling  at  Andover,  N.  J. 


FIG.  52. — The  Bench  at  Andover. 

known  as  the  "  cut "  may  be  loosened  when  blasted.  To  assist 
the  cut  holes  another  row  of  holes  6'  deep  and  similarly  spaced 
is  drilled  midway  between. 


102  ROCK  DRILLING 

On  each  side  and  about  half  way  between  the  "cut  holes" 
and  the  "outside  rounds"  measured  along  the  bench  there  is  a  row 
of  holes  in  a  plane  at  right  angles  to  the  face  known  as  the  "side 
rounds."  They  are  spaced  about  15"  apart  from  bench  to  out- 
side rounds,  10'  in  depth  and  drilled  at  an  angle  of  75°  with  the 
vertical.  Midway  between  the  "side  rounds"  and  "cut  holes" 
there  is  another  similar  row  of  holes  on  each  side  known  as  the 
"quarter  rounds." 

In  blasting,  the  "cut  holes"  are  first  shot,  the  charge  being  6 
sticks  of  60%  dynamite  (8"XiJ").  Quarter  rounds  are  next 
shot,  then  the  side  rounds,  the  charge  for  both  being  4  sticks.  The 
outside  rounds,  each  loaded  with  3  sticks,  are  shot  last.  The  idea  of 
the  small  charge  and  this  method  of  shooting  is  to  make  as  clean 
a  cut  as  possible  without  shattering  the  adjoining  rock  too  badly. 
In  work  of  this  kind  drills  are  in  nearly  a  horizontal  position 
and  do  not  work,  of  course,  as  efficiently  as  when  in  a  vertical 
position. 

DRILL  DATA:  Ingersoll-Rand. 
3^-inch  piston. 
6-inch  stroke. 
Feed  2'. 
U  chuck. 

100  Ibs.  pressure  at  compressor. 
400  strokes  per  min. 

In  moving  drills  from  one  place  to  another  the  drill  cylinder 
and  slide  are  taken  from  the  tripod  and  the  drill  cylinder  and  the 
slide  separated.  Bits  are  made  of  ij"  steel,  tapered  off  to  ij",  to 
fit  in  the  chuck.  The  2-foot  bit  is  3"  in  diameter  at  the  point,  and 
for  each  increase  in  length  of  2'  the  diameter  at  the  point  becomes 
f"  less.  Points  are  of  this  shape  +.  The  steel  is  handled  by 
workmen  who  carry  it  from  the  drill  to  the  blacksmith  shop.  They 
are  sharpened  by  hand  with  the  aid  of  a  smoother.  No  jet  is 
used,  but  wash  water  is  poured  in  by  the  helper  from  a  can. 

An  air  wash-out  is  used  on  the  "outside  rounds."  These 
holes  are  drilled  without  water,  being  so  nearly  horizontal,  and 
to  get  rid  of  the  powdered  stone,  this  air  wash-out  is  used  occa- 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  103 

sionally.1  Holes  are  drilled  on  the  tunnel  heading  10,  8  and 
6'  in  depth,  as  already  stated. 

Holes  4"  at  top. 

Spaced  about  15"  apart  vertically. 

About -3'  apart  horizontally. 

Holes  drilled  with  drill,  making  an  angle  of  about  75°  with 
vertical. 

Rock,  hard  bastard  granite,  very  seamy  and  difficult  to 
drill. 

Holes  shot  as  already  stated. 

Dupont  Powder  used. 

Sticks  8"  X 1 1".     100  sticks  =  50  Ibs. 

17  drills. 

Two  compressors,  Kiernon,  capacity,  550  cu.ft.  Ingersoll, 
capacity  1700  cu.ft. 

Pressure,  100  Ibs.  at  compressor. 

Feed  main,  i%  miles  long,  6-inch  main,  4-inch  branch  to  2" . 

From  the  4-inch  branch  a  2-inch  pipe  runs  to  a  T  from  which 
i  J-inch  flexible  piping  runs  to  the  drills. 

Work  to  be  completed  August,  1911. 

Shift  10  hours,     i  shift  per  day. 

DRILL  LABOR— STANDARD  WAGES 

17  drill  runners . .  »Vv — -.  at  $2.  50  =  842.50 

17  drill  runners'  helpers. . . .at  i .  75  =  29. 80 

2  blacksmiths ....at  3.00=  6.00 

2  blacksmiths' helpers at  1.75=  3.50 

4  nippers at  1.50=  6.00 

3  po wdermen at  2 .  oo  =  6 .  oo 

i  engineer at  3.00=  3.00 

i  fireman at  2 .  oo  =  2 .  oo 

i  water  carrier at  1.50=  1.50 


Total  drill  labor $100. 30 

Superintendence.  One  man  in  full  charge  of  field.  One 
foreman  for  the  drillls  on  the  heading,  2  other  foremen  for  the 
other  two  gangs  of  drillers. 

1  It  consists  of  an  inch  pipe  about  15'  long  connected  by  a  rubber  hose  to 
the  air  line. 


104 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  53.— Ingersoll-Rand  3*"  Piston  Drill 


FIG.  54. — Face  of  Rock,  Andover. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  105 

The  work  of  the  smiths  is  to  repoint  drills  and  do  odd  jobs 
of  repairing. 

Coal  used,  8  tons  per  day  or  940  Ibs.  per  drill  per  day, 
i  shift. 

Oil  used  at  compressor,  4  gals,  or  1.88  pts.  per  drill  per  day, 
i  shift. 

Oil  used  on  drills,  2  pts.  per  drill  per  day,  i  shift. 

Coal  is  dumped  on  trestle  and  costs  $3.10  per  ton  delivered. 
(Standard  assumed  $3.50  per  ton.) 

Drilling  plant  of  1 7  drills  and  necessary  compressor  and  boiler 
capacity  valued  at  $14,300. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  same  at  2%  per  working  month, 
=  $11.00  per  day,  =  65  cts.  per  drill  day. 

Moving  drill  from  hole  to  hole  and  getting  started  amounted  to 
22.4%  of  total  time  (drill  working  in  tunnel  heading),  costing 
22.4%  of  drill  labor  $6.11  =$1.37  per  drill  per  day,  i  shift. 

As  said,  there  were  three  drills  at  work  on  the  tunnel  heading. 
The  drill  which  was  timed  was  set  up  on  the  bench  on  its  tripod 
as  usual.  Another  was  set  up  on  a  cribbing  of  ties.  The  third 
was  set  up  on  a  column. 

The  cost  of  drilling  per  lineal  foot  in  hard  seamy  bastard  granite 
in  tunnel  heading  is  based  on  the  above  performance  of  24  lineal 
feet  in  7  hours,  27  minutes,  20  seconds,  or  32'  in  10  hours.  No 
account  is  to  be  taken  of  overhead  charges,  superintendence, 
repairs,  storage,  organization  and  preparatory  charges,  charity, 
accidents,  legal  or  medical  expenses,  etc. 


106 


ROCK  DRILLING 


No.  OF  DRILLS,  i;  LINEAR  FEET,  32;  KIND  OF  ROCK,  BASTARD  GRANITE 


Force. 

Standard 
Rate. 

Amount. 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Foot, 
Cents. 

i  drill  runner 

$2    CO 

$2    CO 

i  drill  helper    

I    7e 

I    7C. 

1  3     3O 

ft  1      7C 

2  blacksmiths  for  17  drills                

3    OO 

»4«  Z5 

O    3C 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers  for  17  drills  

i.  7C 

O.  21 

i  nipper  for  3  drills               

i  co 

o   to 

f  T    nfi 

i  water  carrier  for  3  drills 

I    CO 

O    CO          O    CO 

3-32 
i   c6 

i  engineer  at  comp    (17  drills),  per  day.   .  .  . 

3  oo 

o  18       o  18 

o  c6 

i  fireman  at  comp.  (17  drills),  per  day  

2.OO 

O.I2          0.12 

0-37 

Total  drill  labor  

$6.11 

IO    II 

Coal,  8  tons  for  17  drills     

T..  CO 

$i  6c     $i.6c 

S   16 

Oil  (at  comp.)  4  gals,  for  17  drills,  per  gal.  .  . 
Oil,  (cylinder)  i  qt  per  drill,   per  gal  

0.30 

o  30 

0.08 
o  08       o  16 

o  .so 

Total  drill  expense       

$7  02 

24   77 

Int   and  dep   at  2*%  mo  on  (-pf  X  14  300) 

o  6c 

2    O 

LINEAR  FEET  DRILLED,  24; 


TIME   STUDY 
ROCK,  BASTARD  GRANITE; 
VERY  SOLID 


CONDITION  OF  ROCK, 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec. 

Total 
Time. 

.Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time, 
Per  Cent 
of  Total. 

Drill  working     .       

12 

12       OO 

22       C6 

40      OO 

27?      10 

6l   6 

Raising  drill 

II 

OO       IO 

oo     23 

oo     4.0 

4IO 

o  o 

Loosening  chuck. 

II 

OO       IO 

OO       IO 

oo     30 

3    3s; 

o  8 

Removing  bit  

II 

00       10 

oo     4C 

3     o? 

8     ic. 

1.8 

Putting  bit  in  hole 

8 

oo     15 

oo     32 

i     o< 

4      1$ 

I    O 

Inserting  bit  in  chuck  .... 
Tightening  chuck  .  . 

8 
8 

00       10 
OO       2O 

oo     40 
oo     37 

1     5° 

I       OC. 

5        20 
4       ^ 

I.  2 
I    i 

8 

OO       IO 

OO       31 

I       OO 

4      10 

O   O 

Cycle  totals           

1^        2C 

26     43 

58    iq 

300     co 

60    3 

Shifting  drills  and  getting 
started                  

3 

33      23 

IOO       IO 

22   4 

Miscellaneous  delays 

37      2O 

8    3 

Totals  

447     20 

IOO.O 

(1)  The  cutting  speed  was  0.0872  ft.  per  min.     Rock  was  very  hard  and  seamy 
and  drilling  was  done  with  drills  in  nearly  a  horizontal  position. 

(2)  Ratio  of  cutting  time  to  total  time  was  0.6 1 6. 

(3)  Ratio  of  idle  time  to  cycle  time  was  0.444. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  107 

Reiter,  Curtis  &  Hill,  Sec.  6,  Vail,  N.  J.  Section  No.  6  on 
this  D.  L.  &  W.  cut-off  is  being  constructed  by  Reiter,  Curtis-& 
Hill,  of  Philadelphia.  Engaged  in  drilling  operations  on  their 
section  are  16  Ingersoll- Sergeant  drills,  Type  F  24.  They  are 
being  operated  by  air  furnished  by  two  250  H.P.  Ingersoll-Rand 
compressors  at  100  Ibs.  pressure.  The  rock  in  the  main  cut  is 
locally  known  as  bastard  slate,  and  on  account  of  seams  is  very 
mean  material  for  the  drills  to  work  in. 

DRILL  DATA.     Ingersoll- Sergeant  drills,  type  F  24. 
3J-inch  piston. 
6-inch  stroke. 

2'  9"  feed,  but  steels  change  in  length  by  2'  each  time. 
U  chuck. 

ico  Ibs.  pressure  at  compressor. 
350  strokes  per  minute. 

When  drills  are  moved,  they  are  removed  from  the  tripod 
and  each  moved  separately  and  then  set  up  again. 

Starting  bit  3^"  at  point. 

4'  bit  3J"  at  point. 

6'  bit  3"  at  point. 

8'  bit  2f"  at  point. 
10'  bit  2  J"  at -point. 
12'  bit  2  J"  at  point. 
14'  bit  2"  at  point. 

Bits  made  of  ij"  material;  somewhat  less  at  the  end  to  fit 
in  the  chuck. 

Points  are  this  shape  +. 

Men  carry  the  steel  back  and  forth  from  the  drills  to  the 
blacksmith  shop. 

The  bits  are  tempered  till  a  file  will  not  touch  them. 

Points  are  put  on  by  hand  assisted  by  a  smoothing  iron  the 
shape  of  the  bit. 

Wash- water  is  poured  into  the  hole  from  a  tin  can  by  the  helper. 

An  air  wash-out  is  used,  consisting  of  a  f-inch  pipe  connected 
to  a  small  rubber  hose  which  is  in  turn  connected  to  a  cock 


108  ROCK  DRILLING 

tapping  the  air  line  of  the  drill  near  the  air  chest.  This  agitates 
the  wash-water,  thereby  keeping  the  point  of  the  bit  free  from 
dirt.  The  hole  is  bailed  after  each  2'  section  is  drilled.  The 
bailing  device  is  a  piece  of  pipe  about  2'  long  and  i  J"  in  diameter. 
A  rod  of  steel,  \"  section,  passes  through  this  pipe  and  has  a  coni- 


FIG.  55.— Tripod  Drill  at  Vail,  N.  J. 

cal  piece  of  metal  on  its  end  that  closes  the  end  of  the  ij; 
In  operation  the  pipe  is  let  down  into  the  hole  by  the  rod  and 
by  allowing  the  rod  to  drop  a  little,  the  dirty  water  comes  into 
the  pipe,  seeking  its  own  level,  then  the  act  of  lifting  out  the 
pipe  by  the  rod  causes  the  stopper  on  the  end  of  the  rod  to 
plug  up  the  hole  in  the  pipe.  To  empty,  the  pipe  is  rested 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


109 


on  the   ground,  and  the  plug  being  forced  out  the  water  runs 
out. 

Holes  12'  deep. 

Spaced  10'  laterally. 

Spaced  10'  longitudinally. 

Holes  about  4j"  at  top. 

Holes  make  angle  of  about  15°  with  vertical! 


,FiG.  56.— Character  of  Rock,  Vail,  N,  J. 

Material — Bastard  slate,  hard  and  seamy,  although  somewhat 
shaken  from  previous  blasts. 

From  20  to  40  holes  are  shot  at  a  blast. 
Dupont  dynamite  used,  60%. 


110 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Sticks,  iJ"X8",  J  Ib.  each. 

The  holes  are  first  sprung  with  from  4  to  10  sticks  of  dynamite 
and  then  charged. 

Charges  are  about  50  Ibs.  of  dynamite  to  a  hole. 
Blasting  machine  used  to  fire  the  charges. 


FIG.  57.— Charging  Holes,  Vail,  N.  J. 

The  foreman  of  each  gang  of  drillers  has  charge  of  the 
blasting.  Assisting  him  are  3  powder  carriers  and  tampers. 

Sixteen  drills  are  in  the  outfit,  but  only  7  were  working  at  the 
time  of  this  investigation. 

Two  250  H.P.  compressors.  Steam  cylinder  24X30.  Air 
cylinder  24^X30. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


111 


Five  Erie  boilers  of  100  B.H.P.,  also  i  extra  Erie  boiler  of 
100  B.H.P. 

TOO  Ibs.  pressure  at  compressor. 

Feed  pipe  about  }  mile  long;  10"  reducing  to  6",  then  to  4" 
and  2".  The  2"  pipe  leads  to  a  T  near  each  group  of  drills, 
from  which  separate  lines  run  to  each  drill.  These  lines  are 
made  up  of  ij"  piping  terminating  in  a  length  of  ij-inch  hose 
that  connects  to  the  air  chest  of  the  drill  cylinder. 

Job  to  be  finished  August,  1911. 

Shift,  10  hrs.     One  shift  per  day. 

The  following  drill  force  were  at  work  at  the  time  of  this; 
investigation. 

: 


Standard  Basis  of  Costs. 
Cost  per  Day.   Total  Cost. 

7  drillers 

$   .50 

•75 
•5° 

.00 

•75 
•50 

2.OO 

3-00 

2.OO 

$17.50 
12.25 

6.00 
3.00 

i.  75 
3.00 
6.00 
3.00 

2.00 

7  drillers'  helpers  

4  muckers 

i  blacksmith           .    ... 

i  blacksmith's  helper  .  . 
2  nippers 

3  powdermen            .... 

i  engineer  

i  fireman  

Total  labor 

$54-5° 

Superintendence.  One  general  superintendent,  2  foremen, 
one  for  each  of  the  two  groups  of  drillers. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  16  drills  and  compressor  and 
boiler  of  the  necessary  capacity,  valued  at  $18,075,  at  2%  per 
working  month,  =$13.90  per  day  (i  shift). 

Moving  drill  from  hole  to  hole  and  getting  started  took 
21.3%  of  the  total  time,  and  on  the  above  basis  of  wages,  exclusive 
of  powdermen,  cost  $1.48  per  drill  per  day  (i  shift). 

Coal  used,  7  tons  per  day,  or  875  Ibs.  per  drill  per  day  of  i 
shift. 

Oil  used  at  compressor,  4  gals.,  or  2  pts.  per  drill  per 
day. 

Oil  used  at  drills,  3  pts.  per  drill  per  day. 


112 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  58.— Vail,  N.  J. 


FIG.  59.— Vail,  N.  J. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


113 


COST  OF  DRILLING  AND  LOOSENING  IN  BASTARD  SLATE. 
Based  on  the  observed  performance  of  34  lineal  feet  in  7  hrs., 
24  min.,  35  sec.  (see  time  study)  or  46'  in  10  hrs.,  and  the  perform- 
ance of  3  other  drills  at  42',  40',  and  42'  respectively,  the  following 
deductions  as  to  the  cost  of  drilling  per  lineal  foot  have  been 
made.  Holes  being  spaced  10'  centers,  average  depth  12'  and  50 
Ibs.  of  60%  dynamite  being  used  per  hole,  the  following  cost 
per  cubic  yard  of  material  loosened  has  been  deduced : 


FIG.  60.— Vail,  N.  J. 


114 


ROCK  DRILLING 


No.  OF  DRILLS,  4;  LINEAL  FEET  DRILLED,  170;  CUBIC  YARDS  BLASTED,  630. 

Total  dynamite,  60%,  700  lbs.  =  i.n  Ibs.  per  yard. 
Total  nitroglycerin,  420  Ibs.  =  0.666  Ib.  per  yard. 
Total  nitroglycerin,  420  Ibs.  =  2.47  Ibs.  per  linear  foot. 


MATERIAL,  BASTARD  SLATE 


Force. 

Rate. 

Amount. 

Standard  Basis  of  Costs 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Foot 
in  Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.yd. 
in  Cents. 

4  drill  runners 

$2.50 

MS 

1-50 

3.00 

MS 

L50 

3.00 

2.00 

$10.00 
7.00 
6.00 

^•S0 

2.28 
0.74 

3.66 
0.62 

0.  20 

4  drill  runners'  helpers  

J  smith  

$23.00 

*-5° 
0.87 

1.50 

$•?     &T 

i  smith's  helper            

I  nipper 

A/  16  engineer  

3-87 
0.75 
0.50    $  i.  25 

4/  16  fireman  

Total  drilling  labor 

$28.12 

6.  14 
0.69 
0.45       $7-  28 

16.52 
4.29 

4.48 

1.16 

Coal  7/4  ton 

3-5° 
0.30 
0.30 

Oil  at  compressor  plant  16/7  gal..  . 
Oil  at  drills,  3  pts.  each  drill.  .... 

Total  drilling 

$35-40 

$84.00 
0.42 

tto  .      .  ,, 

20.  8l 

49-55 
3.52 

5.64 

*3-39 
o.95 

Dynamite,  700  Ibs.,  60%  
14  exploders               

0.  12 

o.  03 

2.  OO 

^  powdermen 

•po4.  42 
6  .  oo         6  .  oo 

Total  drill  and  blasting 

$125.82 
3.48 

73-88 
2.05 

19.98 

0-55 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  A/  i6of 
$18,075  (estimated  value  of  drill- 
ing plant  at  2%  per  working  mo.) 

Total               

$129.30 

75-93 

20.53 

The  fact  that  four  muckers  had  to  be  employed  here  accounts  for  the  increase 
in  cost  per  drill  per  day  over  the  same  items  on  the  other  two  jobs  on  this  work. 

In  the  above  tabulation  of  costs  no  account  has  been  taken  of  contractors' 
overhead  charges,  superintendence,  organization,  or  preparatory,  repairs,  insur- 
ance, accidents,  charities,  legal,  or  medical  expense,  etc. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


115 


TIME   STUDY 

LINEAR  FEET  DRILLED,  34;    ROCK,  BASTARD  SLATE;    CONDITION  OF  Rock, 
SEAMY  AND  BADLY  SHAKEN  IN  PLACES  FROM  PREVIOUS  BLASTS 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec. 

Total 
Time. 

Min.    Sec. 

Time 
Consumed 
Per  Cent 
of  Total 
Time. 

Drill  cutting          ........ 

17 

•?     oo 

II      40 

21       IS 

IQ8      2O 

44   7 

Raising  drill 

17 

OO      OS 

OO       A.T. 

I      IS 

12       IO 

2    7 

Loosening  chuck      .   . 

17 

OO      OS 

OO       IS 

o     40 

4     20 

I    O 

Removing  bit  

17 

oo     os 

OO       2O 

o     40 

S       "?O 

I     2 

Putting  bit  in  hole 

14 

oo     10 

OO       T.I 

I       OO 

7      20 

i  6 

Inserting  bit  in  chuck 

14 

oo     o^ 

oo     17 

o     40 

4     oo 

o  o 

Tightening  chuck 

14 

oo     os 

OO       17 

I       OO 

400 

o  o 

Getting  started     

14 

oo     os 

oo     13 

I      20 

'    1      OS 

O.  7 

Cycle  totals 

3      40 

14     16 

27      SO 

2^8      4S 

r  -7    7 

Shifting  drills  and  getting 
started                 ... 

2 

47      18 

O4       3S 

21    3 

Miscellaneous  delays. 

? 

III       15 

»*«o 

2S    O 

Totals            

444       3S 

IOO    OO 

(1)  The  cutting  speed  was  0.172'  per  min. 

(2)  Ratio  of  cutting  time  to  total  time  was  0.447. 

(3)  Ratio  of  idle  time  to  cycle  time  was  0.863. 

The  large  amount  of  idle  time  here  was  due  to  the  bit  getting  fast  in  the  rock 
several  times,  due  to  the  rock's  seamy  nature. 

James  A.  Hart  Co.,  Columbia,  N.  J.  Sec.  7  of  the 
D.  L.  &  W.  cut-off  has  been  contracted  for  by  Smith,  McCormick 
&  Co.,  who  have  sublet  part  of  their  work  to  James  A.  Hart  Co. 
of  New  York.  Smith,  McCormick  &  Co.  are  doing  the  bridge 
work  over  the  Delaware,  while  Hart  Co.  have  the  grading 
work.  At  the  present  time l  there  are  14  drills  at  work,  operated 
by  steam  furnished  by  two  boilers  of  125  B.H.P.  each.  Each 
boiler  takes  care  of  7  drills,  and  it  has  been  found  by  experience 
that  the  addition  of  one  more  drill  impairs  the  efficiency  of  the 
other  7.  The  drills  employed  are  the  Ingersoll-Sergeant  type  F24. 

Material  being  worked,  dolomite,  or  hard  limestone. 

DRILL  DATA.     Ingersoll-Sergeant  drill. 
3-|-inch  piston. 
6-inch  stroke 

1  December,  1909. 


116 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  61.— Columbia,  N.  J. 


FIG.  62. — Columbia,  N.  J. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


117 


Feed  2'g",  but  use  about  2'6". 
U  chuck. 

Pressure  at  boiler,  140  Ibs. 
Strokes,  350  per  min. 

When  moved,  the  drill  cylinders  and  slides  are  removed  from 


*   «r, 


FIG.  63. — Columbia,  N.  J. 

their  tripods  and  the  cylinders  from  the  slide.     In  this  way  two 
men  can  shift  a  drill  from  one  position  to  another. 

Bits  are  very  irregular  in  size,  due  to  breaking,  repointing,  etc. 

Eight  changes  of  steel  will  drill  a  20'  hole,  2  y  change. 

Starting  bits  are  made  of  if"  material  with  3^"  points. 


Length, 
Feet. 

Material, 
Inches. 

Point, 
Inches. 

Length, 
Feet. 

Material, 
Inches. 

Point, 
Inches. 

Starter 

If 

3* 

«J 

1} 

a! 

5 

If 

3& 

15 

li 

2^ 

74 

if 

3* 

17} 

Ij 

2f 

10 

*1 

2if 

20 

li 

2^ 

Kind  of  point  -f . 

Five  men  carry  steel   back  and  forth  from   drills   to  black- 
smiths. 


118  ROCK  DRILLING 

Tempered  till  file  will  not  touch. 

Sharpened  by  hand  with  aid  of  a  smoother. 

No  jets  used,  helper  pours  water  into  the  hole. 

Holes  20'  deep;  diameter  4^"  at  top.  Spaced  7'  laterally;  7' 
longitudinally. 

Cleaned  by  means  of  a  bailing  device,  similar  to  the  one  de- 
scribed on  the  work  of  Reiter,  Curtis  &  Hill.  (See  Fig.  66.) 

Holes  are  drilled  straight  down. 

Rock  is  dolomite,  a  hard  limestone,  solid,  and  offering  a  good 
face  for  drilling. 

Thirty  to  forty  holes  shot  per  blast. 

Dupont  powder  used. 

Sticks  iJ"X8",  i  ib.,  60%. 

Charge  to  spring  holes,  4  sticks. 

Regular  charge  about  100  sticks. 

Blasting  machine  used  to  explode  charges. 

Number  of  drills  at  work,  14. 

Boilers,  Godfrey  Keel  and  Howard  W.  Read.  Each  125 
B.H.P.  at  140  Ibs.  gauge  pressure. 

Feed  pipes  are  not  over  400'  long. 

Steam  main  from  boiler,  2" ',  leads  to  a  T  from  which  separate 
i"  lines  are  laid  for  each  drill.  The  flexible  connection  for  each 
drill  from  the  end  of  the  i"  pipe  is  Mulconroy  hose,  costing  65 
cts.  per  yard. 

Job  to  be  finished  August,  1911. 

Ten  hour  shift;  one  shift  per  day. 

Following  is  the  drilling  force  at  work  on  the  day  of  the 
investigation. 

STANDARD    BASIS    OF   COSTS 

14  drillers at  $2. 50  =  $35.00         2  firemen at  $2.00  =     $4.00 

14  drillers' helpers  at    1.75    =      24.50         i  pipeman at    2.00  =       2.00 

5nippers at    1.50   =        7.50         i  pipeman's  helper  at    1.50  =       1.50 

2  blacksmiths at    3 .  oo   =       6.  oo  

2         "        helpers  at    1.75    =       3.50  Drilling  total $84.00 

6  powder-men.  ...  at  $2.00  =  $12.00 

SUPERINTENDENCE.  One  general  foreman  and  2  foremen, 
one  for  each  gang  of  drillers.  Each  of  these  foremen  also  had 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


119 


FIG.  64.— Steam  Boiler. 


FIG.  65.— Steam  Pipes. 


120 


ROCK  DRILLING 


charge  of  the  blasting  work.  One  timekeeper  and  one  book- 
keeper attended  to  the  office  work. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  drilling  plant,  valued  at  $6560, 
at  2%  per  working  month  =  $5.05  per  day  (i  shift). 

Moving  drill  from  hole  to  hole  and  getting  started,  required 


FIG.  66. — Bailing  Holes. 

9.2%  of  the  total  observed  time,  costing  9.2%  of  the  drilling 
wages,  as  above,  or  55  cts.  per  drill  per  day. 

Oil,  4  gals,  per  day  (14  drills),  or  2.28  pts.  per  drill  per  day.    . 

Coal,  5  tons  ($3.10.  to  main  line  plus  10  cts.  switching  charge 
plus  75  cts.  haul,  per  ton),  715  Ibs.  per  drill  per  day. 

The  following  figures  for  performance,  oil  and  repairs  were 
obtained  from  the  office  of  the  contractor  and  are  used  with  his 
permission : 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


121 


DRILL   PERFORMANCE 


Date. 

Number  of  Drills. 

Lineal  Feet  Drilled. 

December  i,  1908 

II 

4-4O 

"          2,  1008.. 

1  3 

£J22 

"          ^    1008 

14 

t:8i 

"          4,  1908 

14 

oOJ- 
1:26 

"         8,  1908  

16 

612 

"          o,  1008 

I  2 

412 

Total 

80 

-2IO2 

Average.  . 

13$ 

517  =  38|'per  drill  day 

FIG.  67.— Blowing  Out  Holes. 


REPAIRS.     Putting  9  drills  in  shape  at  the  beginning  of   the 
present   work,   $1100.     Repairs   on    14   drills   since    that   time, 


122  ROCK  DRILLING 

13  months  (Oct.  i,  ipoS-Dec.  i,  1909),  $695.62.  These  two 
items  are  equivalent  to  38  cts.  per  drill  per  day. 

On  one  of  the  days  of  the  investigation  the  observed  drill  did 
37^'  in  8  hrs.,  41  min.,  40  sec.,  and  would  do  2.V  more  that  day, 
making  40  lineal  feet;  13  other  drills  at  the  rate  they  were  working 
would  do  465',  making  a  total  of  505'  for  the  14  drills,  or  36' 
per  drill  per  day  of  10  hours. 

Based  on  the  office  data  the  performance  per  drill  day  was 
38!'  per  drill  per  day.  Combining  office  data  and  observed 
data,  we  have 

Working  time,  7  days. 

Drill  days,  94. 

Average  number  drills,  13-}-. 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  per  day,  38^. 

COST  or  DRILLING  AND  LOOSENING  IN  DOLOMITE,  OR  HARD 
LIMESTONE.  Based  on  the  above  performance  and  drill  data  on 
this  job,  heretofore  given,  the  following  costs  per  lineal  foot 
drilled  and  per  cubic  yard  loosened  have  been  deduced: 

515^  lin.  ft.  drilled  by  13^  drills  in  i  day. 
Equivalent  to  500  lin.  ft.  drilled  by  13  drills  in  i  day. 

The  spacing  of  the  holes  being  8'X8',  the  corresponding  cubic 

500X8X8 
yards  loosened = — =1185. 

Dynamite,  60%,  1250  Ibs.  or  750  Ibs.  nitroglycerine,  =  0.633 
lb.  nitroglycerine  per  cu.yd.  =  1.5  Ibs.  per  lin.  ft. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


123 


STANDARD    BASIS    OF   COSTS 


Force. 

1 

Rate. 

Amount. 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Feet, 

Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.yd., 
Cents. 

i  -7  drillers                                       .... 

$2  so 

$72     SO 

13  drillers'  helpers  

I.7S 

22    7S       $SS.  2S 

II.  OS 

4.66 

S  nippers  

1.50 

7.50 

2  blacksmiths  

3.00 

6.00 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers       

I    7s 

3   so       17  oo 

•?   40 

I   42 

2  firemen                                            .    . 

2   OO 

400         4  oo 

o  80 

O   34 

i  pipeman  

2.OO 

2.OO 

I  pipeman's  helper               

I    SO 

I    SO             3    SO 

o  70 

O    2Q 

Total  labor  (drill) 

$70   7S 

IS    OS 

6  72 

Coal,  5  tons  

3.  ">o 

17.  so 

Oil  (io4gals.permo.  i4drills)     ..   . 

0.30 

i  20       18.  70 

3    74 

i   s8 

Total  drillincr  cost 

$98  4S 

10  60 

8  30 

6  powdermen                        

2    OO 

12    OO          12    OO 

2    40 

I    OI 

2S  exploders 

O    O3 

O    7S           O   7S 

o  is 

o  06 

Dynamite,  1250  Ibs.,  60%  

0.  12 

150.00      150.00 

30.00 

12.  70 

Int.  and  dep.  on  drills  and  boilers 
at  2%  working  month  

$261.  20 
S    OS 

52.24 

I    OI 

22.07 
O   43 

$266.  25 

53.25 

22.50 

In  the  foregoing  tabulation  of  costs,  no  account  has  been 
taken  of  overhead  charges,  superintendence,  repairs,  interest, 
depreciation,  storage,  organization,  or  preparatory  charges,  charity, 
accidents,  legal,  medical  expenses,  etc. 

Lineal  feet  drilled,  374.  Rock,  dolomite,  hard  limestone. 
Condition,  solid. 


124 


ROCK  DRILLING 


TIME   STUDY 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 

Min.   Sec. 

Max. 
Min.   Sec. 

Time. 
Min.  Sec. 

Consumed 
Time. 
Per  Cent 
Total 
Time. 

Drill  cutting 

I  r 

1  1       ^O 

22       43 

4O      O<\ 

-?4.O       4O 

6^    4 

Raising  drill  

I  C 

OO       I  ^ 

oo     46 

2       4O 

II        3O 

2    2 

Loosening  chuck  

15 

oo     05 

OO       II 

OO       2O 

2       4^ 

O    "? 

Removing  bit 

1  1; 

OO      O^ 

oo    48 

2       OO 

8    45; 

I    7 

Getting  bailer  

12 

OO       IO 

OO       2O 

oo     40 

•2          CC 

o  8 

Bailing  hole  

12 

oo     30 

I       OO 

2     35 

12       05 

2.  3 

Putting  bit  in  hole    ..... 

14 

oo    OE; 

oo     20 

I        IO 

4      4C 

O   O 

Inserting  bit  in  chuck  .  .  . 
Tightening  chuck 

14 
14 

OO       10 
OO       IO 

oo     20 
oo     17 

oo    35 
oo     40 

4     45 

-2       r  r 

0.9 
O    7 

Getting  started  

14 

oo     05 

oo     07 

OO       I  ^ 

I      4O 

O    3 

Cycle  totals 

13       2< 

26       $2 

<?I       OO 

3O4      4^ 

7^    7 

Mucking  out  

I 

6  1     oo 

II    7 

Shifting  drill  and  getting 
started  

2 

24      O7 

4.8     it; 

92 

Miscellaneous  delays  .  . 

tr 

17      4O 

3        A 

Total  

^21       4O 

IOO    O 

• 

1.  The  cutting  speed  was  o.n'.per  min. 

2.  Ratio  of  cutting  time  to  total  time  was  0.654. 

3.  Ratio  of  idle  time  to  cycle  time  was  0.321;    mucking  out,  shifting  drills 
from  one  hole  to  another  and  miscellaneous  delays  being  called  idle  time. 


CHAPTER  VI 
DRILLING   ON   LAND— Continued 

Brownell  Improvement  Co.,  Thornton,  111.  The  product 
of  this  company  is  crushed  stone.  The  quarry  is  composed  of 
hard,  crystalline  limestone,  fissured  on  top,  very  solid  on 
bottom.  The  process  of  preparing  this  stone  for  market  consists 
in  loosening,  loading  and  crushing.  The  loosening  is  accom- 
plished by  means  of  drilling  and  blasting;  the  loading  by  two 
95-ton  Bucyrus  shovels,  and  the  crushing  by  McCully  crushers. 
In  front  of  each  shovel  are  4  Ingersoll  drills,  drilling  top  holes  26' 
deep,  operated  by  air  at  120  Ibs.  from  a  single  phase  compressor, . 
capacity  1200  cu.ft.  per  min.  Top  holes  are  spaced  6  to  6J'  longi- 
tudinally and  are  laterally  8  to  10'  from  the  unbroken  face.  In 
the  rear  of  one  of  the  shovels  are  4  drills  engaged  in  drilling 
"  toe  "  holes  from  10  to  14'  in  depth.  Two  toe  holes  are  drilled, 
one  at  about  15°  and  one  at  60°  with  the  vertical,  the  former 
being  2j'  in  front  of  the  latter  and  6'  along  the  toe.  Besides 
these  drills,  each  shovel  has  a  small  one-man  drill  for  quick  service 
in  breaking  up  large  rocks  that  cannot  be  sledged.  The  rock 
is  somewhat  porous  in  places  and  in  others  as  solid  as  feldspar. 
The  top  holes  are  each  charged  with  75  Ibs.  of  60%  dynamite  in 
the  form  of  sticks  3J"X8"  of  4^  Ibs.  This  is  equivalent  to  12' 
of  dynamite  per  hole.  The  other  14'  of  hole  is  filled  and  tamped 
with  crushed  stone.  Based  on  the  same  ratio  of  depth  to  dynamite 
toe  holes  would  be  charged  with  35  Ibs.  of  60%  dynamite. 

The  shovels  load  into  5-yd.  cars  weighing  about  4  tons  and 
costing  $150.  Trains  are  made  up  of  10  of  these  cars  and  35-ton 
dinkeys  haul  the  cars  from  shovel  to  crusher.  The  product  of 
the  McCully  No.  10  crusher  is  carried  by  an  18"  conveyor  upward 
to  a  $y  screen  near  the  roof,  thence  into  a  bin.  The  contents 
of  this  bin  are  crushed  finer  by  3  smaller  McCully  crushers: 
125 


126 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  68.— Drilling  Toe  Holes— Thornton  Quarry. 


FIG.  69. — Loading  Toe  Holes — Thornton  Quarry. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  127 

Belt  conveyors,  smaller  machines,  bins  and  screens  form  the 
rest  of  the  crushing  plant.  Altogether  there  are  9  crushers  in 
the  plant  and  7  different  sizes  of  stone  are  produced  and  marketed. 
DRILL  DATA.  Ingersoll  drills,  13  D.F.A. 

Feed,  2'. 

U  chuck. 

325  strokes  per  minute. 

Drills  lifted  from  one  hole  to  another  by  two  men. 

Holes  two  kinds,  top  and  toe. 

Diameter  of  starting  bits,  top  $£$,  toe  4^". 

Diameter  of  finishing  bits,  top  4^,  toe  3J-". 

Shape  of  bit,  top  z,  toe  -K 

Steel,  2'  to  26',  in  2'  sections. 

Octagonal  section,  top  if",  toe  if". 

Top  bits  handled  by  two  men  with  hooks. 

Toe  bits  handled  by  one  man  with  hooks. 

Bits  tempered  very  hard  with  fish  oil. 

Sharpened  by  hand. 

Depth  of  top  holes,  26',  toe  holes  10  to  14'. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  each,  6  to  6-J'. 

Lateral  spacing,  top  8  to  10',  back  from  unbroken  face.     Toe 
holes,  a  15°  hole  2\f  in  front  of  a  60°. 

Cleaned  by  hand  pump. 

Toe  holes,  front  row,  make  15°  angle  with  vertical.     Rear  row 
60°  with  vertical. 

Rock  is  a  crystalline  limestone,  fissured  at  top,  porous  in  some 
places  and  in  others  solid  as  feldspar. 

Holes  shot  per  blast,  top  60,  toe  75. 

Powder,  forcite. 

Sticks,  3iX8";  4^  Ibs. 

Charge,  75  Ibs. 

Fulminate  of  mercury  battery  used. 

Blasting  gang,  3  loaders,  6  tampers,  foreman  and  assistant 
foreman. 

Fourteen  drills  (2  drills  used  infrequently). 

Single-phase  compressor. 

Capacity  of  compressor  1200  cu.ft.  per  min. 


128 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  70. — Drilling  Top  Holes — Thornton  Quarry. 


FIG.  71. — Drilling  Top  Holes — Thornton  Quarry. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  129 

Air  pressure  at  tank,  120  Ibs. 

Length  of  feed  pipe,  1500'. 

Diameter  of  feed  pipe,  4" '. 

Branch  pipes,  2"  in  diameter. 

REPAIRS  AND  DRILL  SUPPLIES  (taken  from  office  record  with  per- 
mission  of  superintendent).     14   drills,  January  i,   1909,   to 

September  30,  1909,  9  months. 

$3058.47  during  3276  drill  days. 

Repairs,  etc.,  per  drill  day,  93  cts. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  drilling  plant  estimated  at 
$7700  at  2%  per  working  month  =  $5. 90  per  day. 

Drill  performance,  taken  from  office  record,  7  days,  n  drills, 
2258  lin.ft.,  or  29.3'  p.er  drill  day. 

Moving  drill  from  hole  to  hole  and  getting  started  required 
4.6%  of  the  total  time,  costing  4.6%  of  drilling  wages,  or  28  cts. 
per  drill  per  day. 

Length  of  shift,  10  hrs. 

One  shift  per  day. 

Drillers  work  in  pairs  and  are  paid  by  the  foot,  6  cts.  per  ft. 
for  first  30'  of  small  holes,  and  7  cts.  a  ft.  for  all  over  30'.  Large 
holes,  8  cts.  a  ft. 

A  crew  consists  of  two  drillers  and  one  helper,  the  helper 
receiving  17!  cts.  an  hour. 

Stone  sells  for  from  75  cts.  to  $1.25  per  cu.yd. 

Work  of  smith  is  to  sharpen  drills  and  make  odd  repairs. 

Coal  estimated  at  6  tons  per  day  for  12  drills  =1000  Ibs. 
per  drill  per  day. 

Coal  cost  $1.70  delivered. 

Drills.     On  work,  10, 13  D.F.A.'s. 
2,        F  24's. 
2,        B  32's. 

Oil  at  compressor,  estimated  at  3  gals,  per  day,  or  2  pts.  per 
drill  per  day. 

The  following  costs  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per  cubic  yard 
loosened  are  based  on  an  average  performance  of  2258  lin.ft. 
in  7  days,  n  drills  at  work.  The  cubic  yards  corresponding 
have  been  deduced  as  follows:  Top  holes  26'  in  depth,  being 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  72. — Drilling  Top  Holes — Thornton  Quarry. 


FIG.  73. — Loading  Top  Holes — Thornton  Q 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


131 


placed  from  8  to  10'  back  from  the  unbroken  face,  it  is  assumed 
that  the  rock  will  break  back  14'  from  the  face.  Toe  holes 
average  12'  in  depth  and  both  toe  holes  are  spaced  aboulTo^ 
longitudinally.  Therefore  for  each  toe  hole  and  top  hole,  or 
26  +  12  =  38  lin.it.  of  drilling,  the  cubic  yards  loosened,  will  be, 

—  =  81  cu.yds.,  and  for  2258  lin.ft.  drilled,  4820  cu.yds. 

would  be  loosened.  Dynamite  being  75  Ibs.  per  top  hole  and 
35  Ibs.  per  toe  hole  for  each  38'  of  drilling,  there  are  used 
no  Ibs.  of  60%.  For  2258  lin.ft.  6540  Ibs.  will  be  used. 

On  the  daily  basis  the  above  performance  reduces  to  the  fol- 
lowing: Lineal  feet  322  J,  cu.yds.  688J,  dynamite  ^34  Ibs.  of  60%, 
or  560.4  Ibs.  of  nitroglycerine  =  0.8 1 5  Ib.  per  cu.yd.  loosened. 

No  account  has  been  taken  of  contractor's  overhead  charges, 
superintendence,  organization  or  preparatory,  legal,  medical, 
accidents,  repairs,  charities,  etc. 

Lineal  feet,  322  J;  cubic  yards,  688J;  60%  dynamite,  934  Ibs.; 
drills,  ii ;  material,  crystalline  limestone. 

A  cycle  for  each  2'  of  hole  is  here  made  up  of  the  two  items 
of  drill  working  and  changing  steel.  The  time  of  "  drill  working  •" 

TIME   STUDY 

Lineal  feet  drilled,  34.     Total  working  time,  5  hrs.  32  min.  50  sees.    Kind  of 
rock,  hard  limestone. 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec. 

Time. 
Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time, 
Per  Cent 
of  Total 

Drill  working 

!7 

15 

6      43 
1      35 

13      10 
3     56 

18     oo 
9     3° 

223     59 
59    08 

67.5 
17.7 

Changing  steels     

Cycle  totals  

8     18 

17     06 

27     30 

283      07 

J5      30 
34     13 

85.2 
4.6 

10.  2 

Moving  drill  over  to  new 
position  and  setting  up. 
Miscellaneous  delays  

Total 

2 

9 

332    5° 

IOO.O 

Cutting  speed  in  feet  per  cutting  minute,  0.152. 

cutting  time 

Ratio—  — =  0.675. 

total  time 


idle  time 

Ratio : — : =0.174. 

cycle  time 


ROCK  DRILLING 
STANDARD   BASIS    OF   COSTS 


Force. 

Rate. 

Amount. 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Foot, 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.vd., 
Cents. 

1  1  drillers  .         

$2    t^O 

$27    t;o 

ii  driller's  helpers 

I   7^ 

IO    or. 

4t  \f\    i- 

6o_ 

2  smiths 

•7      OO 

•      5Jt>40  .  7>, 

6  oo 

14.49 

2  smith's  helpers     

I     yr 

3     sO 

•3  niuDers 

I     ^O 

4    CQ 

i  engineer 

•7      OO 

T,    OO 

4-34 

2.03 

i  fireman       

2    OO 

2    OO 

i  pipeman     

2    OO 

5  -°° 

2    OO             2    OO 

J-55 
o  62 

°-73 
o  20 

Total  labor  drilling 

$67     >7Z 

21    OO 

o  8<; 

Coal  6  tons 

$3     ?O 

21    OO 

Oil  at  i  qt  per  drill  per  gal 

O    T.O 

o  825 

Oil  at  3  gal.  compressor,  per  gal  

0.30 

0.90 

22.72 

7-°5 

3-3° 

Total  drilling  

$OO.47 

28.  o< 

I^.jr 

3  powdermen            

2    OO 

6  oo 

6  tampers 

I     ^O 

900 

A      f\f\ 

_    To 

934  Ibs.  of  60%  dynamite  
20  exploders             

0.  12 
O    O3 

112.08 

o  60 

T  T  -7     f\9. 

rf\    if\ 

35  -00 

10.30 

Total  drilling  and  blasting  

$218  15 

67  71 

T:   I          6Q 

Int.  and  dep.  on  n  drills,  comp.  and 
boiler  capacity,estimated  at  $7700, 
at  2%  per  working  month  

5-90 

i.  80 

0.86 

Total 

$224.    O< 

60  <  i 

o^-  50 

is  the  actual  time  of  cutting,  i.e.,  the  time  between  the  turning  on 
of  the  air  to  start  the  drill  and  the  time  of  turning  off  the  air  when  the 
section  of  the  hole  is  finished.  The  time  "  changing  steel  "  is  from 
the  time  when  the  air  is  shut  off  and  the  drill  stopped  until  the  air  is 
turned  on  and  the  drill  begins  cutting.  This  "  changing  steel  " 
includes  the  following  items:  Screwing  up,  loosening  chuck, 
removing  steel,  bailing,  inserting  steel,  and  tightening  chuck. 

Duluth  Crushed  Stone  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn.  The  Duluth 
Crushed  Stone  Company  operates  a  quarry  at  the  end  of  57th 
Avenue  West,  in  West  Duluth.  The  rock  is  a  hard  bastard 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  133; 

granite  in  its  natural  bed  in  the  side  of  the  rock  hill  that  rises 
from  Duluth  Harbor  and  follows  the  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
east,  and  the  St.  Louis  River  west  from  Duluth.  In  many  places 
the  rock  outcrops,  and  above  the  present  quarry,  rock  is  to  be 
seen  on  the  surface  where  no  stripping  will  be  necessary.  The 
maximum  depth  of  stripping  is  in  no  place  over  3',  except 
where  faults  occur,  and  the  average  depth  is  not  more 
than  i'. 

The  condition  of  the  rock  varies  greatly  in  different  parts 
of  the  quarry,  and  also  in  the  same  part  of  the  quarry  as  the 
face  is  worked  back.  In  some  places  the  rock  is  absolutely 
solid  without  a  check  or  irregularity  in  structure  other  than  is 
ordinarily  found  in  this  kind  of  rock,  while  elsewhere  it  will 
be  badly  cracked  and  full  of  seams,  with  its  entire  structure 
irregular  and  badly  broken  up.  This  latter  condition  exists 
especially  in  the  west  end  of  the  quarry. 

The  product  of  the  quarry  is  crushed  stone  in  sizes  from 
dust  to  2-J"  and  rubble  of  any  size  as  ordered.  The  structure 
of  the  rock  does  not  permit  of  its  being  taken  out  for  dimen- 
sion stone  or  of  its  being  cut  easily,  although  it  could  without 
doubt  be  worked  into  regular  shapes  if  occasion  arose.  The 
stone  company  does  not  undertake  to  furnish  such  stone,  however, 
and  so  makes  no  effort  to  quarry  it. 

Beside  its  regular  output  of  crushed  stone  and  crusher  dust 
the  quarry  is  at  present  filling  two  contracts  for  rubble.  One 
of  these  is  with  the  Great  Northern  Railroad,  and  calls  for  quarry 
run  rubble  up  to  6"  size.  This  material  is  loaded  into  skips 
by  hand  and  is  raised  by  a  locomotive  crane  and  dumped  into 
gondolas.  The  other  contract  is  for  furnishing  quarry  run 
rubble  up  to  10  tons  size,  the  number  and  amount  of  blocks 
of  the  latter  size  being  regulated  by  the  demand  of  the  pur- 
chasers of  the  stone.  This  stone  is  being  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  breakwater  at  the  Superior  Entry  of  the  Duluth-Superior 
Harbor,  and  as  the  portion  now  being  constructed  is  in  shallow 
water  the  amount  of  10-ton  stones  being  shipped  is  about  50% 
of  the  total  amount.  The  heavy  stones  are  used  for  paving  the 
surface  of  the  breakwater. 


134 


ROCK  DRILLING 


At  the  present  time  the  rock  in  the  quarry  is  running  so 
unevenly  and  is  so  seamy  and  broken  up  in  its  bed  that  it  is 
extremely  difficult  to  obtain  the  desired  amount  of  zo-ton  stones. 
For  the  rest  of  this  contract  nothing  as  small  as  a  two-man 
stone  is  shipped,  but  only  large  blocks  which  are  handled  by  the 


illf 

liilllj 


N.g.  Track*! 


N.f.  Track#2 


FIG.  74. — Duluth  Crushed  Stone  Co.,  Duluth,  Minn.     Layout  of  Quarry  and 

Tracks. 

crane.     All  this  material  is  loaded  on  cars  by  the  crane,  being 
chained  and  lifted. 

All  material  which  is  thrown  down  from  the  face  of  the 
quarry  which  is  not  used  for  the  above  contracts  is  sent  to  the 
crusher.  The  crusher  takes  12"  rock,  and  anything  larger 
than  that  is  sledged  to  that  size,  and  if  too  large  to  sledge  is  plug- 
holed  with  a  hammer  drill  and  shot. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  135 

The  loading  track  for  the  crusher  runs  along  the  slope  at 
the  foot  of  the  quarry  face.  The  cleaning  gang  throws  the  stones 
down  along  this  track  and  the  loading  gang  throws  them  into 
the  cars.  The  tops  of  these  cars  are  about  30"  above  the 
track,  so  that  they  can  be  loaded  very  easily.  About  25  cars 
are  placed  on  the  loading  track  at  a  time  and  when  these  are 
loaded  they  are  let  down  the  track  to  the  crusher  in  sections  of 
three  cars  each,  with  one  man  handling  a  section.  The  loading 
track  is  on  a  slight  grade  down  to  the  crusher,  the  grade  being 
so  slight  that  it  is  not  visible  to  the  eye. 

Each  car  is  provided  with  a  brake,  and  one  of  the  loading 
gang  goes  with  the  cars  to  brake  them.  While  6  or  8  men  are 
thus  engaged  the  rest  of  the  men  are  busy  piling  up  rock 
along  the  track  for  loading.  The  cars  run  to  the  crusher  where 
they  are  dumped  by  an  automatic  tipple  and  then  run  back 
over  a  crossover  to  another  track  out  of  the  way  of  the  next 
load.  As  soon  as  all  the  cars  have  cleared  the  crossover  (marked 
No.  2  on  map,  p.  134),  they  are  drawn  in  sections  of  3  or 
4  cars  from  the  narrow  gauge  track  No.  2  to  the  main  load- 
ing track  by  horses,  and  are  returned  to  the  quarry  for  loading. 
Two  horses  are  used  for  this  purpose,  each  horse  drawing  3  to  4 
cars.  As  soon  as  the  cars  are  loaded  they  are  again  let  down  to 
the  crusher. 

In  loading  with  the  locomotive  crane  two  methods  are  used. 
As  before  stated,  the  material  for  the  railroad  company  is 
loaded  into  skips  and  raised  by  the  crane  and  dumped  into 
gondolas.  The  heavy  stone  of  the  breakwater  is  all  loaded 
by  chaining.  The  tracks  are  so  arranged  that  flat  cars  can 
be  placed  beside  the  crane  and  the  blocks  swung  onto  the  cars. 
The  crane  was  made  by  the  Industrial  Works,  Bay  City,  Mich., 
and  has  a  capacity  of  5  tons  at  35'  radius  and  17  tons  at  12' 
radius  without  outriggers.  With  the  outriggers  it  holds  7  tons 
at  35'  and  30  tons  at  12'  radius. 

The  drilling  in  the  quarry  is  not  very  regular.  There  are 
generally  at  least  two  drills  working.  One  may  be  working 
above  the  quarry  and  one  below  on  the  face,  or  both  may  be  above. 
One  is  kept  above  all  the  time,  and  sometimes  an  extra  one  is 


136  ROCK  DRILLING 

put  in  on  the  face,  making  two  there.  The  average  drill  per- 
formance is  about  75'  per  day  when  drilling  above  the  quarry, 
where  24'  holes  are  drilled.  On  the  day  on  which  the  time  study 
was  made  No.  i  drill  did  a  total  of  70'.  On  the  previous  day 
14'  were  drilled  before  the  time  study  began.  No.  2  drill  was 
working  in  the  bottom  of  a  fault,  and  was  only  doing  22'  holes. 
The  total  was  66',  but  i  J  hrs.  were  used  in  getting  the  drill  to 
the  top  from  the  bottom  of  the  quarry  and  in  setting  up 
after  cleaning  out  the  fault.  Each  helper  acted  as  his  own 
nipper. 

The  plug-hole  drilling  in  the  quarry  is  done  with  three  small 
hammer  drills,  one  Ingersoll-Rand  and  two  Murphy.  There 
was  no  opportunity  to  observe  the  working  of  these  drills,  but 
the  foreman  said  they  never  did  less  than  80'  a  day,  and  generally 
did  about  100'.  The  holes  are  from  8  to  12"  deep.  These 
hammer  drills  are  fed  from  i"  lines  run  over  the  face  of  the 
quarry  from  the  2"  main  above.  These  lines  are  often  as  long 
as  130',  and  the  air  hose  is  sometimes  20',  making  a  very  long 
line. 

DRILL  DATA.     Rand  "  Little  Giant  "  drills,  3!"  piston. 
Stroke,  6-f"  (the  piston  could  be  moved  7f")- 
Feed,  2'  (n  steels  were  used  in  drilling  24'). 
U  chuck. 
Strokes,  300  plus,  per  min. 

When  necessary  to  move  from  hole  to  hole  the  drill  was 
swung  to  a  horizontal  position  on  the  tripod,  the  starting  steel 
was  placed  in  the  chuck,  the  feed  screw  raised  to  its  extreme 
position,  and  then  drill  and  tripod,  without  weights,  were  raised 
on  the  shoulders  of  driller  and  helper  and  carried. 

Bits,  2j"  starting;  i"  finishing. 

Points,  +  for  first  10  bits,  full  for  finishing. 

Steels,  2'  6"  to  24'  8". 

Steel  sections,  first  four,  ij"  hexagon;  next  four,  i  J"  hexagon; 
last  three,  i"  hexagon,  jumped  at  ends  for  chuck. 

Handled  by  hand;  helper  acts  as  nipper. 

Temper  -medium  for  all  but  last  three  steels,  which  were 
hard. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  137 

Hand  sharpening. 

No  jets  used. 

Holes,  24'  maximum. 

Holes,  2-|"  at  top. 

Longitudinal  spacing,  4  to  6';  not  regular,  but  depending 
upon  lay  of  rock. 

Lateral  spacing,  ist  row  back  from  6  to  15'  from  edge  of  face; 
2d  row  from  7  to  10'  from  first.  This  all  depended  upon  the  rock. 

Cleaned  by  hand  pump. 

Holes  vertical. 

Rock,  hard  bastard  granite. 

Condition,  natural  bed  under  12  to  36"  stripping;  in  some 
places  solid  and  in  others  seamy  and  slightly  checked. 

Holes  shot,  depends  entirely  upon  work  and  kind  of  stone 
wanted. 

^Etna  Powder  Co.'s  dynamite. 

1X6"  sticks,  about  J  Ib. 

From  4  to  6  sticks  of  75%  put  in  bottom  and  10  to  15  sticks 
-60%  put  on  top  of  those. 

Lion  brand  double  strength  exploder. 

Blasting  gang,  i  powderman  and  2  helpers.  This  is  not  a 
regular  gang,  as  shots  are  irregular  and  gang  is  needed  only  before 
a  shot. 

Number  of  drills,  3  maximum,  only  2  ordinarily  working. 

Pressure  93  Ibs.  (gauge). 

Compressor,  Rand  "  Imperial,"  type  10. 

Compressor  capacity,  537  cu.ft.  free  air  per  min. 

Seventy-eight  pounds  pressure  at  tank. 

Feed  line,  3"  pipe  leads  from  the  compressor  to  the  air 
reservoir,  a  distance  of  about  10'.  The  tank  is  10X4'.  From 
this  runs  a  2"  main  about  900'  along  the  hillside  to  the  top  of 
the  quarry,  and  along  the  top  about  20  to  30'  from  the  edge; 
i"  branches  run  from  this  at  intervals  of  16  to  30'.  If  drills  are 
working  on  top  of  the  quarry  these  i"  branches  are  about  16" 
long,  and  the  air  hose  fastens  to  them  direct;  if  working  in  the 
quarry  the  i"  leads  may  be  130'  long,  reaching  down  over  the 
face,  which  is  90'  high. 


138 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Size:   Quarry  has  a  face  90'  high  and,  about  400'  long.     The 
entire  face  is  500'  long,  but  earth  slopes  are  left  at  the  ends. 
Shifts,  10  hrs. 
One  drill  shift;  2  loading  with  crane. 


Force. 

Standard 
Wages 
per  day. 

Force. 

Standard 
Wages 
per  day. 

2  drillers 

$2    £O 

i  powderman  loading  plugs 

$2    OO 

2  drillers'  helpers  

I    71; 

8  loading  with  crane 

2    2? 

4  hammer  drillers 

2    OO 

i  smith 

36  cleaning  face  and  loading 

2    OO 

i  smith's  helper 

I    7^ 

i  engineer  on  crane,  2  shifts 

T,    OO 

2  drivers  

I     sO 

i  fireman  on  crane,  2  shifts. 

2.00 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  the  two  working  piston  drills 
and  necessary  compressor  and  boiler  capacity  valued  at  $1200, 
at  2%  per  working  month  =  $0.92  per  day  (2  drills). 

Coal,  1000  Ibs.  per  drill  per  day. 

Oil,  3  pts.  per  drill  per  day. 

GENERAL  NOTES.  The  layout  of  the  air  system  has  been 
given  in  the  list  of  drill  data,  but  a  word  more  may  be  said  about 
the  compressor.  This  is  a  Rand  Drill  Co.  Imperial  type  10, 
duplex  steam  and  compound  air.  The  steam  cylinders  are 
10X14  and  the  air  16X14  and  10X14.  The  speed  is  144 
R.P.M.  The  rated  capacity  is  537  cu.ft.  free  air  per  minute. 
The  pressure  at  the  compressor  is  78  Ibs.  and  the  steam  pressure 
is  105  Ibs.  (gauge). 

The  blasting  of  plug  holes  is  done  at  noon  and  after  six  o'clock 
at  night.  The  blasting  of  the  rock  from  the  top  is  done  as 
needed.  In  one  blast  one  evening  36  holes  were  shot.  These 
holes  were  loaded  as  given  in  the  drill  data  and  exploded  'n  the 
usual  way.  The  blast  was  for  the  purpose  of  getting  material 
for  the  breakwater  contract,  but  owing  to  the  seamy  condition 
of  the  rock  at  that  particular  point  in  the  quarry  but  few  large 
blocks  were  thrown  down,  the  foreman  saying  that  there  were 
only  five  in  sight  which  would  be  in  the  ten-ton  class. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  139 

When  a  blast  is  made  from  the  top,  heavy  12  Xi2"  timbers 
are  laid  along  each  rail  on  the  quarry  side  to  prevent  the  rails 
being  broken  and  twisted  by  the  falling  rock.  Several  sections 
of  the  crane  track  are  also  removed  and  carried  some  distance. 
The  crane  lifts  these  sections  and  moves  back  the  desired 
distance  with  them.  It  also  moves  narrow  gauge  track  No.  i 
if  the  blast  is  to  be  in  the  middle  of  the  quarry. 

The  crane  and  the  loading  gang  on  the  heavy  material  were 
working  a  night  shift,  while  only  one  shift  was  worked  in  the 
rest  of  the  quarry.  This  was  necessary,  because  the  contrac- 
tors on  the  breakwater  worked  at  night  and  in  two  shifts  could 
use  more  than  the  quarry  could  get  out  in  one. 

With  regard  to  the  time  study  on  the  two  drills  working  above 
the  quarry,  No.  2  drill  had  been  working  on  the  face  of  the 
quarry  previous  to  that  day.  It  took  three  men,  the  driller,  his 
helper,  and  one  extra  man  i  hr.  5  min.  to  carry  the  drill  and 
steels  from  the  quarry  to  the  top.  The  longer  steels  were 
already  at  the  top,  not  having  been  required  below.  The  work 
for  this  drill  was  directly  in  line  of  a  large  fissure  which  was 
filled  with  earth  and  disintegrated  rock  to  the  depth  of  from 
2  to  3'.  The  holes  had  to  be  mucked  and  the  drill  set  up.  This 
required  30  min.  on  the  part  of  the  driller  and  helper.  They 
finally  started  their  drill  at  8 140.  Drill  No.  i  started  a  new  hole1 
at  the  same  time,  so  observations  were  made  on  that  drill  from 
the  start  of  the  new  hole.  This  drill  had  finished  14'  of  the 
previous  day's  hole  and  moved  and  set  up  in  i  hr.  40  min. 

No.  2  drill  lost  31!  min.  waiting  for  the  drill  helper.  Each 
helper  acted  as  his  own  nipper,  and  when  this  driller  finished  a 
steel  before  his  helper  returned  he  would  wait,  making  no  effort 
to  remove  the  steel  or  pump  the  hole. 

When  drilling  his  first  hole  the  driller  on  No.  2  drill  let  his 
helper  run  the  drill  and  he  mucked  the  next  hole.  During  the 
second  hole  he  did  not  do  this,  and  in  consequence  time  had 
to  be  taken  off  for  mucking.  The  third  hole  was  finished  at  5:27, 
and  the  driller  spent  the  rest  of  the  day  mucking,  but  he  was 
really  "  soldiering,"  so  as  not  to  start  a  new  hole  before  quitting 
time. 


140  ROCK  DRILLING 

No.  i  drill  had  much  trouble  with  its  first  hole.  The  steel 
stuck  constantly  and  time  and  again  the  tripod  had  to  be 
loosened  to  allow  the  steel  to  find  an  easy  position  in  the 
hole.  The  6'  steel  was  stuck  fast  for  5  min.,  and  all  efforts  to 
move  it  were  useless  until  a  long-handled  Stilson  wrench  was 
put  on  and  hammered  with  a  heavy  stone  hammer.  Cast  iron 
was  used  in  this  hole  and  in  the  others  as  well. 

At  one  time  when  the  helper  was  away  the  driller  on  No.  i 
took  out  the  steel  and  pumped  his  hole.  It  took  3  mins.  to 
do  this  alone,  against  an  average  of  2.19  mins.  for  two  men. 
This  was  an  8'  hole;  it  would  have  been  almost  impossible  for 
one  man  to  pump  the  deep  holes. 

In  working  the  quarry  a  large  amount  of  loose  rock,  the 
smaller  sizes  of  which  are  about  one-man  size,  has  been  left  on 
the  bottom  between  the  standard  gauge  loading  track  and 
narrow  gauge  track  No.  3  (see  map,  p.  134).  This  was  done  so  that 
if  a  blast  covered  the  main  narrow  gauge  track  No.  i,  the  crusher 
could  still  be  supplied  by  the  small  cars  loaded  on  narrow  gauge 
track  No.  3. 

There  is  beside  the  12"  crusher  a  small  crusher  which  crushes 
the  pieces  rejected  by  the  2  J"  screen  at  the  large  crusher.  This 
small  crusher  is  also  provided  with  a  tipple  and  cars  from  the 
quarry  can  be  dumped  there.  This  is  seldom  done,  as  even  when 
the  cars  carry  only  the  sweepings  from  the  quarry  they  are  dumped 
into  the  large  crusher  with  the  rest. 

COST  OF  DRILLING.  Based  on  the  foregoing  performance 
of  the  two  drills  observed,  namely,  70  and  66'  respectively  for 
the  day  of  10  hrs.,  the  following  costs  have  been  deduced: 

No  account  has  been  taken  of  contractor's  overhead  charges, 
superintendence,  storage,  repairs,  preparatory  costs,  insurance, 
charity,  accidents,  legal,  medical  expense,  etc. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


141 


Lineal  feet  drilled,  136.  Kind  of  material,  bastard  granite.  Number  of 
drills,  2.  7^  Ibs.  of  75%  and  i8|  Ibs.  of  60%  dynamite  =  16.7  Ibs.  of  nitroglycerin, 
or  about  0.123  Ib.  per  lineal  foot  of  hole. 


Standard  Basis  of  Costs. 

Rate. 

Wages. 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Foot. 
Drilled. 
Cents. 

2  drill  runners 

$2.50 

1-75 
3.00 

2.00 
3.00 

1-75 

°.i?i 

$5-°° 
3-50 

c(K?     -_ 

6.25 

I.  22 

1.16 

0.56 

2  drill  runners'  helpers                    .        

2/6  engineer  at  compressor 

fl>o.  50 
I.  00 

0.66 

T     ftft 

2/6  firemen             

2/6  blacksmith                                

I.  00 

0.58 

T      r-9. 

2/6  blacksmith's  helper  

4  men  i^  hrs  (carrying  machine  up  to  top)..  . 
Total  drill  labor     

LSD 

o.  76 

$12.50 
3.5° 

0.  22 

9.19 

2-73 

i  ton  coal 

3-5° 
0.30 

Oil  6  pts    per  gallon     

Total  drilling 

3-  72 

$16.22 

2.00 

11.92 

J-47 
2.29 

i  powderman                    

2.00 
0.  12 

26  Ibs  of  dynamite 

3.12 

Total                                

3-  I2 

$21.34 

15.68 
0.67 

Int.  and  dep.  on  the  2  piston  drills  at  2%  per 
working  mo.  and  necessary  compressor  and 
boiler  capacity  =  $0.92  per  day  or  0.67  cts. 
Der  ft  drilled 

Total 

J6.35 

142 


ROCK  DRILLING 


DRILL   No.    1 

Material,  bastard  granite.     Lineal  feet,  56.     Total  time  of  observation,  8  hrs. 
13  min.  10  sec. 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time. 
Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time, 
Per  Cent 
Total 
Time. 

Actual  cutting       

26 

4      20 

12       14 

2<        2O 

3l8      4< 

64   6 

Taking  steel  out  and  get- 
ting pump  in         

26 

O       T.Z 

I        2O 

I        CC 

34      3O 

7  o 

Pumping  and  cleaning  
Putting  steel  in  

X9 

2T. 

1     °5 
o     so 

2       19 
I        21 

4     35 

I         CC 

44     55 

T.I        OO 

9-1 
6  * 

Cycle  totals       .      .    . 

6     <o 

17       14 

T.-}        4^ 

429     10 

87  o 

Setting  up  and  adjusting 

3O       O^ 

6  i 

Drill  stuck  or  putting  in 
cast  iron 

2O       4.O 

42 

^Miscellaneous  delays 

13       1C 

2    7 

Mucking  

Total              

403      10 

IOO    O 

Cutting  speed  in  feet  per  cutting  minute o.  175 

Ratio  cutting  time  to  total  time o.  646 

Ratio  idle  time  to  cycle  time o.  149 

DRILL   No.   2 
Lineal  feet,  66.     Total  time  of  observation,  8  hrs.  14  min.  30  sec. 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    Sec. 

Max. 
Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time. 
Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time, 
Per  Cent 
Total 
Time. 

Actual  cutting 

^o 

4     20 

7-    58 

16      1C 

2T.Q       T.Z 

48    C 

Taking  steel  out  and  get- 
ting pump  in 

"?O 

o     4^ 

I        "?! 

T,       OO 

4C       3^ 

92 

Pumping  and  cleaning.  .  . 
Putting  steel  in  

26 

27 

I       00 

o     40 

2       24 

I       07 

3     oo 
1     5° 

62      30 
29     45 

12.6 

6.0 

Cycle  totals  

6     45 

13     GO 

24     05 

777       2< 

76  3 

Setting  up  and  adjusting 

41     o\ 

8  3 

Drill  stuck  or  putting  in 

Miscellaneous  delays 

31      4=> 

6   4 

M^uckinof                

44      1^ 

Q  o 

Total 

494     30 

IOO    O 

Cutting  speed  in  feet  per  cutting  minute o.  275 

Ratio  cutting  time  to  total  time o.  485 

Ratio  idle  time  to  cycle  time o.  310 


CHAPTER  VII 
DRILLING    ON    LAND—  Continued 

Contract  No.  25  on  New  York  Water  Supply,  Catskill 
Aqueduct.  Contract  No.  25  on  the  Catskill  Aqueduct  of  the 
New  York  water  supply  is  being  executed  by  Blakeslee  &  Sons, 
of  New  Haven,  Conn.  This  contract  extends  from  the  lower 
end  of  contract  No.  24,  just  below  the  Croton  Lake  Siphon,  to 
Millwood.  Beside  the  usual  cut-and-cover  aqueduct  the  con- 
tract includes  the  Croton  Tunnel  about  3000'  long,  and  the 
shorter  Chadcayne  Tunnel.  Both  of  these  are  grade  tunnels, 
and  there  are  no  siphons  or  pressure  tunnels  on  the  contract. 

The  work  in  the  Croton  Tunnel  is  being  carried  on  in  three 
shifts  of  8  hours  each.  A  f  heading  is  being  driven  the  full 
width  of  the  required  cut,  and  is  being  followed  at  a  distance 
of  about  50'  by  the  bench,  which  completes  the  full  required 
section.  This  required  section  has  a  height  of  19'  3"  on  the 
center  line.  This  provides  for  a  17'  clear  headroom  in  the 
completed  concrete  section  and  a  5"  concrete  base,  9"  cap,  which 
must  be  free  from  rock,  and  13"  into  which  rock  may  project 
to  some  extent.  The  total  width  of  the  excavation  is  16'  — 4" 
at  a  point  6'  —  lof"  from  the  finished  bottom,  and  this  16'  — 4" 
provides  for  13'  —  4"  clear  concrete  tube,  5"  clear  concrete  on 
each  side,  and  13"  of  concrete  on  each  side  into  which  rock 
may  project. 

The  rock  being  excavated  is  bastard  granite  of  very  even 
quality.  There  are  few  cracks  and  seams  and  the  rock  is  very 
free  from  water.  So  little  water  comes  in  that  about  half  the 
time  it  is  necessary  to  carry  water  into  the  heading  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cleaning  the  drill  holes.  When  this  is  necessary,  a  man 
carries  the  water  in  a  pail  and  pours  it  into  a  tub  which  is  placed 
between  the  drill  columns. 

143 


144  ROCK  DRILLING 

The  drilling  in  the  heading  is  done  with  four  Ingersoll-Rand 
drills,  type  E  24,  mounted  on  two  drill  columns.  In  the  case 
observed  these  columns  were  set  30"  and  42 "  to  the  left  and 
right  of  the  center  line  respectively.  The  columns  were  8'  long 
and  5!"  in  diameter.  They  were  rigged  with  double  screws. 
The  upper  drill  on  the  column  was  mounted  on  a  22"  arm, 
and  the  lower  drill  was  on  a  36"  arm.  All  arms  were  sup- 
ported by  safety  clamps. 

When  the  highest  holes  in  the  heading  were  being  drilled  it 
was  necessary  to  have  some  elevation  from  which  the  men 
could  work.  This  was  provided  by  running  two  heavy  planks 
from  the  rough  face  of  the  heading  to  the  muck  pile  which  had 
been  thrown  up  before  the  columns  could  be  set.  These  planks 
were  run  between  the  columns,  as  the  two  upper  drills  were 
rigged  on  the  inside  of  the  columns. 

The  drilling  of  the  heading  was  on  the  following  system  (Fig.  75) : 
Three  sets  of  holes  were  drilled,  6  "cut"  holes,  6  "inner-round  " 
holes,  and  10  "  outside-round  "  holes,  making  22  holes  in  all. 
The  outside-round  holes  are  driven  on  the  arc  of  a  circle  14'  in 
diameter,  and  are  spaced  at  almost  equal  distances  from  each 
other,  about  30"  apart.  The  bottom  holes  of  each  series  are 
at  the  same  elevation,  and  run  as  close  to  the  bottom  of  the 
heading  as  possible.  The  first,  second  and  third  holes  on  this 
bottom  row  are  spaced  about  30"  apart,  while  the  distance 
between  the  lower  cut  holes  is  about  6'.  The  second  cut  holes 
from  the  bottom  are  closer  together  and  the  distance  between 
the  top  cut  holes  is  about  2'. 

The  two  cut  holes  on  the  same  level  converge  at  the  lower 
end,  sometimes  meeting.  As  a  general  thing  it  was  attempted 
to  have  the  end  of  one  slightly  above  the  end  of  the  other. 
The  bottom  cut  holes  pointed  down  slightly  while  the  others 
were  nearly  horizontal,  the  top  holes  having  a  slight  downward 
pitch. 

The  inside-round  holes  converge  very  slightly  toward  their 
lower  end  and  are  nearly  horizontal.  The  outside-round  holes 
slope  up  and  away  from  the  center  of  the  tunnel.  The  upper 
holes  are  drilled  dry,  but  all  the  others  are  wet.  They  are 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


145 


watered  by  the  driller  or  helper  throwing  water  into  them.  This 
would,  of  course,  be  useless  in  the  holes  that  pitch  up. 

All  holes  are  drilled  from  one  setting  of  the  drill  columns. 
The  upper  drills  do  five  holes  each  round  and  the  lower  drills 
do  six.  A  round  requires  from  6  to  8  hrs.  to  drill. 

As  soon  as  a  drill  finishes  its  last  hole  on  a  round,  it  is  taken 
from  the  column  arm,  the  arm  is  removed  from  the  column,  and 
if  the  other  drill  on  that  column  has  also  finished  its  holes  the 

Arrangement  of  Holes  in  Heading 


(£) 


-© 


-o 


®- 


Holes  marked    a_  are  "cut"  holes 

»  v        Jb_    »>    "inside-round"  holes 

»»  „          c     >»    "outside-round"     » 


FIG.  75. 

column  is  taken  down  and  the  whole  outfit  is  carried  back  over 
the  bench  and  loaded  on  a  flat  car  on  the  muck  car  track,  to 
be  carried  out  of  the  tunnel  before  blasting  is  done. 

The  holes  are  all  loaded  before  any  of  them  are  shot.  The 
cut  holes  have  from  8  to  10  sticks  of  60%  dynamite,  and  the 
inside-  and  outside-round  holes  have  the  same  amount  of  40%. 
When  all  are  loaded  the  cut  holes  are  connected  and  shot,  each 
hole  having  an  exploder.  After  the  cut  holes  are  shot  the  inner- 
round  holes  are  connected,  and  if  any  of  the  cut  holes  are  not 


146 


ROCK  DRILLING 


totally  shot  what  remains  of  them  is  loaded  full  and  connected 
with  the  leads  from  the  cut  holes.  After  this  second  shot  the 
outside  cut  holes  are  shot  together  with  the  ends  of  .ne  inside 
cut  holes  which  are  left  undestroyed.  The  leads  to  the  blasting  box 
are  about  500'  long  and  the  box  is  located  just  inside  the  portal. 
The  current  for  exploding  the  blasts  is  taken  from  the  mains 
which  supply  current  to  the  tunnel  and  to  the  rest  of  this  portion 
of  the  work. 

There  are  no  regular  powdermen,  the  drillers,  helpers  and 
nippers  all  helping  in  the  loading,  blasting  and  consequent  muck- 
ing. The  time  taken  in  loading  the  22  holes  is  about  30  min. 
and  for  blasting  i  hr.  The  mucking  then  necessary  before  the 
drills  and  columns  can  be  set  up  takes  3  hrs.  on  an  average. 
The  men  so  engaged  comprise  4  drillers,  4  helpers,  and  2 
nippers,  with  i  foreman  for  overseeing  the  work. 

The  deduced  costs  of  blasting,  powder,  and  mucking  which 
follow  have  been  based  upon  the  above.  The  standard  cost  of 
drilling  has  been  based  upon  the  observed  performance  of  60'  in 
1 6  and  a  fraction  drill  hours,  or  the  equivalent  of  2  drill  days 
of  8  hrs.  each. 

Lineal  feet  drilled,  176.      Cubic  yards  blasted,  22.8. 


Dynamite  per  Blast. 

Dyna- 
mite, 
Ibs. 

Nitro- 
glvcerin, 
"Ibs. 

6  cut  holes  at  9  sticks  of  60%  at  k  Ib       

27 

16  2 

6  inside  round  at  9  sticks  of  40%  at  i  Ib 

27 

10  8 

10  outside  rounds  at  9  sticks  of  40%  at  J  Ib     .... 

4.^ 

18  o 

Total  

QQ 

4.^    O 

Nitroglycerin  per  lineal  toot  drilled,  0.255  Ib. 
Nitroglycerin  per  cubic  yard  blasted,  1.97  Ibs. 

DRILL  DATA: 

Type  of  drill,  Tngersoll-Rand,  £24;    8  drills,  4  on  bench,  4 
on  heading. 

Size  of  piston,  3J". 
Length  of  stroke,  6J-". 
Length  of  feed,  24". 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  147 

U  chuck. 

Drill  moved  by  hand. 

Bits,  starting  2f",  finishing,  2}". 

Point  shape,  + . 

Length  of  steel,  2'  to  10'  by  2'  increments. 

Shank  section,  hexagonal. 

Bit  handled  by  hand  by  nipper. 

Temper  very  hard. 

Sharpened  by  smith  by  hand. 

No  jets  used. 

Depth  of  holes,  8'. 

For  spacing  of  holes,  etc.,  see  diagram,  page  145. 

Holes  cleaned  by  throwing  in  water  and  then  bailing  out  with 
bailer. 

Rock,  bastard  granite. 

Condition  of  rock,  good. 

Shooting  of  holes,  6  cut  holes  shot  first,  then  6  inside  rounds, 
then,  lastly,  the  10  outside  rounds.  In  each  case  all  holes  not 
fully  shot  are  reloaded  and  shot  on  succeeding  blast. 

Dynamite  used,  60%  and  40%  Forcite.  Cut  holes,  9  sticks 
at  J-  Ib.  of  60%,  others  same  amount  of  40%. 

The  crew  working  in  the  heading  is  composed  of  4  drillers, 
4  helpers,  2  nippers,  and  a  foreman.  Thes-e  men  drill  the  22 
holes,  then  blast  them  and  then  muck  out  to  get  their  drills 
going  again. 

The  four  drills  are  set  up  on  two  columns  as  heretofore  men- 
tioned. 

Compressors,  2  Ingersoll-Rand,  type  10. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  8  drills  (4  on  bench  and  4  on 
heading)  and  on  compressors  and  boilers  at  $7315,  at  2%  per 
working  month  =  $5. 63  per  day  =  $1.90  per  shift  =  24  cts.  per 
drill  per  shift. 

Superintendence:  One  general  superintendent,  i  foreman  per 
shift  in  heading  and  i  assistant  foreman  per  shift  on  bench. 
Moving  drills  from  hole  to  hole,  setting  up  on  column,  getting 
started  (in  heading),  consumed  30%  of  the  total  observed  time, 
costing  30%  of  drilling  wages,  or  $1.72  per  drill  per  shift. 


148 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Based  on  the  observed  performance  of  60  lin.ft.  in  16  and  a 
fraction  drill  hours,  the  following  costs  in  tunnel  heading  per 
lineal  foot  drilled  have  been  deduced.  To  deduce  the  same 
items  of  cost  per  cubic  yard  loosened,  it  is  necessary  to  know 
how  many  lineal  feet  have  been  drilled  to  loosen  i  cu.yd.  This 
is  done  by  dividing  the  lineal  feet  drilled  for  each  shooting,  or 
22X8  or  176  by  the  cubic  contents  of  the  semicylinder,  7'  radius 


and  8'  deep,  or 


3.1416X7X7X8 


or  22.8  cu.vds.      The  desired 


2X27 

ratio  of  lineal  feet  to  cubic  yards  loosened  is  then  176  divided 
by  22.8  or  7.72.  Therefore  by  multiplying  the  costs  per  lineal 
foot  by  7.72,  we  can  get  the  corresponding  costs  per  cubic  yard 
loosened. 

DRILLING  COSTS 
Drill  hours,  16.     Lineal  feet,  60.     i  cu.yd.  =  7. 72  lin.ft.     Bastard  granite. 


Costs  on  Standard  Basis 


Force. 

Rate. 

Amount. 

Costs  per 
Lin.  Foot 
Drilled, 
Cents. 

Costs  per 
Cubic  Yard 
Loosened, 
Cents. 

2  drillers 

$2    00 

$4  oo 

2  drillers'  helpers   

i   7C 

3   ^o 

4t~     rn 

rif-i     c* 

J  blacksmith 

^  oo 

»7...5° 

o  7=C 

9°-5 

}  blacksmith's  helper 

i   7^ 

O    44 

i  nipper       

I     <O 

I    ?O 

->   f\t\ 

.0 

,,  .    fi 

\  engineer 

3  oo 

o  7=; 

4.40 

34-0 

J  fireman  

2.OO 

o.  50 

, 

x-  25 

Total  drilling  labor  

11.44 

19.  08 

147.  3 

i  ton  coal          

3  <o 

T.    CO 

6  pints  oil 

o  30  ijal 

O    ^2 

1  ^    n 

3-  72 

Total  drilling 

$15   16 

2^     28 

inr    7 

The  following  costs  of  dynamite,  blasting  and  mucking  as  afore- 
said are  based  on  all  hands  (4  drill  crews  and  2  nippers)  working 
ij  hrs.  at  loading  and  blasting  for  each  shot  of  22  holes,  or  176 


DRILLING  ON  LAND 


149 


lin.ft.,  and   the  same  crew  working  3   hrs.   at  the    consequent 
mucking : 


Amount. 

Cost  per 
Lin.  Foot 
Drilled, 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cubic 
Yard, 
Cents. 

Blasting  (labor  i  J  hrs  )  

$3.36 

1  .  91  CtS. 

14.75  CtS. 

Dynamite   oo  Ibs  at  1  2  cts                 .                    .  . 

ii  88 

6   74    " 

52.10    " 

ATucking  (labor  3  hrs  )  

6  72 

3.82    " 

29.50  " 

Interest   and  depreciation  at   2%   per  working 
month  on  $7315  (2  drills)       

o  56 

0.003  '  ' 

0.023    " 

In  the  above  items  of  costs  no  account  has  been  taken  of 
superintendence  or  overhead  charges,  repairs,  organization  or 
preparatory  charges,  storage,  insurance,  accidents,  charities, 
legal,  medical  expenses,  etc. 

TIME  STUDY 

Tunnel  work.  Material,  bastard  granite.  Lineal  feet,  60.  Total  time,  16 
hr.  27  min.  30  sec. 


No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 
Min.    Sec. 

Mean. 
Min.    vSec. 

Max. 

Min.    Sec. 

Time. 
Min.    Sec. 

Consumed 
Time, 
Per  Cent 
Total 
Time. 

Drill  cutting  

3° 

6     15 

12     04 

17     45 

362      15 

36.7 

Changing  steel     

2s 

I        <O 

3       4O 

s!      4° 

Qs      20 

9  6 

Cycle  totals     

8     os1 

is      ^3 

23       2Z 

/icy      ^c 

46   3 

Moving  on  columns  and 
getting  started      

4 

70      2< 

8  o 

Setting   up   columns  and 
gettin0'  started           .... 

2 

QT.        IO 

1  8(>       20 

18  o 

Dismantling  columns 

2 

14       T.O 

20       OO 

^  o 

Miscellaneous  delays 

2^K        TO 

23  8 

Totals 

087        T.O 

IOO.O 

Average  cutting  speed  in  feet  per  cutting  minute,  0.165. 


cutting  time 

Ratio —     T— : =  0.367. 

total  time 


Ratio 


idle  time 
cycle  time 


The  process  of  setting  up  a  drill  on  a  column  and  getting 
the  drill  started  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  the  follow- 
ing items  with  average  values  for  each: 


150  ROCK  DRILLING 

M.  S. 

Carrying  and  setting  base 17  52 

Setting  column  on  base 3  37 

Putting  in  blocking  at  top 16  38 

Preparing  and  setting  jacks 10  25 

Placing  and  adjusting  arm 10  13 

Placing  and  adjusting  drill  on  arm 5  35 

Attaching  hose 1 1  oo 

Getting  started 17  50 

Cycle  total 93         10=1  hr.  33  m.  10  s. 

The  process  of  dismantling  may  be  divided  up  as  follows  with 
average  values : 

M.          S. 

Removing  drill  from  arm 6  07 

Removing  arm  from  column i  43 

Taking  down  column 4  40 

Taking  out  base 2  oo 

Cycle  total 14         30 

GENERAL  NOTES.  The  columns  used  are  6"  in  diameter. 
The  two  upper  arms  are  on  the  inside  and  the  drills  on  these 
arms  drill  the  top  outer-round  holes.  The  two  lower  arms  are 
on  the  outside  and  start  on  the  second  cut  holes  from  the 
bottom.  When  a  hole  has  been  finished  it  is  necessary  to  shift 
the  drill  on  the  arm,  or  the  arm  on  the  column,  or  to  do  both. 
When  one  shift  alone  is  necessary  a  fair  value  for  time  is 
7  min.;  when  a  double  shift  is  necessary  a  fair  value  is 
33  min.  When  it  is  necessary  to  take  down  columns,  etc.,  a 
fair  value  as  before  itemized  for  dismantling  is  14  min.  30  sec., 
and  for  setting  up  again  93  min.  10  sec.  These  times,  with 
the  exception  of  that  for  dismantling,  include  the  adjusting  in 
new  position,  getting  started,  etc. 


CHAPTER  VIII 


DRILLING  ON  LAND— Continued 

Soudan  Mine  of  Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.  at  Towar,  Minn. 

The  material  in  this  mine  is  a  very  hard  jasper  and  quartzite, 
in  some  cases  being  so  hard  that  to  drill  a  hole  4  or  5'  in  depth 
from  50  to  85  steels  are  needed,  and  holes  have  to  be  blasted 
with  powder  every  8 'to  10"  in  order  that  steels  may  not  bind. 
Steels  are  sharpened  by  a  drill  sharpening  machine.  Five  drills 
of  f"  octagonal  steel  with  2\"  points  were  sharpened  in  this 
machine  in  an  average  time  per  drill  of  36  seconds. 

No  records  of  performance  are  kept  in  these  mines,  but 
an  occasional  test  is  made. 

The  following  records  of  tests  have  been  obtained  from 
the  office: 

Type  of  drill,  Ingersoll-Rand,  No.  3.     Steel,  O.H.     Air  Pressure,  70  Ihs. 


Date. 

Lineal  Feet. 

Cutting  Time. 

Feet  per  Min. 

Material. 

No.  i,  March  8, 
No.  2,  March  8, 
No.  3,  March  8, 
No.  4,  March  8. 

1908  .  .. 
1908  .  .. 
1908  .  .. 
1908  .  .. 

107 
104^ 

77i 
76 

2IOj 

214* 

122 
122 

0.00847 
0.00814 
o.  01055 
0.01038 

Jasper 
Jasper 
Quartzite 
Quartzite 

NOTE.     In  addition  No.  i  cut  5'  of  soap  rock  and  No.  2  27'  of  soap  rock. 

On  May  22,  1908,  the  following  records  were  taken  for  work 
with  Ingersoll-Rand  hammer  drills: 

Type  drill,   Ingersoll-Rand   hammer  drill.     Air  pressure,    70   Ibs.     Material, 
quartzite. 


No.  Hole. 

Angle. 

Lineal  Feet. 

Drill  Time. 

No.  Bits. 

Feet  per  Min. 

M.            S. 

I 

Vert. 

4'  or 

II             10 

8 

0.0364 

2 

80° 

4'  i" 

14            40 

8 

0.0279 

3 

25° 

3'  7" 

10         45 

7 

0.0332 

4 

Vert. 

4'   ij" 

ii         30 

8 

0-0357 

5 

Vert. 

4'  6J" 

12             38 

8 

0-0359 

151 


152  ROCK  DRILLING 

In  the  Pioneer,  Zenith,  Savoy,  and  Solby  Mines  of  the  Oliver 
Iron  Mining  Co.,  at  Ely,  Minn.,  between  50  and  60  Ingersoll- 
Rand  drills,  No.  3  (3")  are  used.  In  these  mines  no  records  of 
performance  whatever  were  kept. 

Tunnel  Driving  at  Low  Cost.1  The  driving  of  the  Chipeta 
adit  at  Ouray,  Colo.,  was  not  especially  notable,  as  an  important 
operation;  but  on  account  of  the  rapid  driving  and  the  resultant 
low  costs,  attention  was  attracted  to  it  and  considerable  inquiry 
has  been  made  as  to  the  methods  employed. 

The  adit  was  projected  as  a  working  entry  to  simplify  the 
mining  of  the  American-Nettie  quartzite  stratum,  which  had 
faulted  downward.  The  old  entries  were  tortuous  inclines  ter- 
minating '  at  the  fault.  The  portal  is  in  the  face  of  the  steep 
mountain  forming  one  wall  of  the  canyon  north  of  the  town 
of  Ouray,  at  an  altitude  of  nearly  9000',  and  1700'  above  the 
bed  of  the  river.  For  economic  reasons  the  power  plant  was 
placed  at  the  river  and  a  line  of  $\"  standard  pipe  laid  on  the 
surface  to  carry  compressed  air  to  the  adit.  This  pipe  line, 
3400'  long,  has  given  no  trouble  in  summer  or  winter. 

During  the  installation  of  the  plant  and  pipe  line,  work  was 
carried  on  by  hand  labor,  the  adit  reaching  a  length  of  263', 
including  the  portal  section  of  115',  which  was  heavily  timbered 
7X7'  in  the  clear.  Machine-drilling  was  then  started  and  a 
run,  which  lasted  for  five  full  months,  was  made,  only  two 
rounds  of  holes  being  lost  in  that  period. 

This  run  of  five  months  (152  days)  resulted  in  driving  the 
heading  7^X7^'  in  the  clear,  a  distance  of  1712^'  in  hard  rock; 
a  monthly  average  of  342  J'.  The  best  weekly  record  was  85'; 
the  best  month  (31  days)  was  359'.  But  two  8-hour  shifts  per 
day  were  employed,  economical  considerations,  not  speed,  being 
predominant  always.  Compressed  air  at  about  100  Ibs.  was 
supplied  to  a  pair  of  3^-"  new  Ingersoll  drills,  both  mounted 
on  one  single-screw  column  set  horizontally  above  the  muck 
pile.  The  round,  consisting  of  from  15  to  19  holes,  was  drilled 
— except  the  lifters — from  this  setting,  the  bar  being  reset  for 

1  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Walter  H.  Bunce  for  this  article,  abstracted  from  the 
Mining  and  Scientific  Press. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  153 

the  lifters  after  the  muck  was  away.  The  cut  was  taken  from 
the  bottom,  uniformly.  Three  drill-men  tended  the  two  machines, 
drilling  a  full  round  each  shift.  An  unusual  system  of  mucking 
was  employed,  which,  perhaps  more  than  any  other  one  thing, 
may  account  for  the  substantial  rate  of  progress  that  was  reached 
and  maintained.  The  tunnel  track,  18"  gauge,  was  carried 
close  to  one  side  of  the  adit,  and  a  floor,  consisting  of  steel  plates 
and  planks,  was  maintained  with  the  greatest  care  for  not  less 
than  60"  back  from  the  heading.  This  floor  was  moved  forward 
every  round.  No  switches  or  turnouts  were  used;  cars  measur- 
ing 20  cu.ft.  capacity  were  specially  designed,  and  these,  although 
weighing,  empty,  1000  Ibs.  apiece,  were  so  perfectly  balanced  that 
the  empty  cars  composing  an  incoming  train  were  easily  jumped 
off  the  track  onto  this  floor,  the  loaded  cars  passed  by,  and  then 
the  empties  replaced  on  the  track  in  detail  as  required  by  the 
muckers  for  loading.  Muck  was  handled  with  No.  6  square- 
pointed  shovels.  Four,  shovelers  and  a  mule-driver  composed 
each  shift.  Track  was  laid  and  leveled  by  the  muckers.  Each 
shift,  composed  of  drill-men  and  muckers,  started  work  together. 
No  ventilating  system  was  installed,  the  smoke  being  blown 
back  with  air  from  the  compressor.  The  adit  throughout  its 
entire  length  was  perfectly  dry. 

This  adit  was  an  independent  operation,  the  employees  having 
no  other  occupation,  so  that  their  total  wages  are  a  charge  against 
the  work.  Their  wages  were:  Foreman,  $5;  drill  men  and 
blacksmith,  $4;  blacksmith's  helper,  $3.50;  muckers,  $3;  com- 
pressor engineers,  $3.50  per  8-hour  shift.  No  bonuses  were  paid 
except  on  Christmas  Day,  when  double  time  was  given.  The 
following  costs  are  computed  from  March  ist,  when  1835'  (includ- 
ing the  portal  section)  had  been  completed,  and  embrace  every 
item  outside  of  construction  and  equipment  accounts,  which 
were  closed  before  the  current  accounts  were  opened.  The 
"  power  "  account  covers  labor,  coal,  oil,  and  lights,  everything 
at  the  compressor  station;  "  labor "  covers  all  other  labor 
except  that  charged  into  "lumber  and  timbers";  "tunnel 
expense "  covers  tool-renewals  and  repairs,  blacksmiths'  sun- 
dries, forage,  oils  and  general  sundries  at  tunnel.  "  Track  and 


154 


ROCK  DRILLING 


pipe  "  covers  cost  and  transportation  of  rail,  fittings,  ties,  pipe, 
and  pipe  fittings;  "  expense  "  covers  city  office,  rent,  furniture 
and  incidental  expenses.  The  compensation  of  the  acting  super- 
intendent is  nowhere  included  in  the  costs  as  shown. 


Distribution  of  Costs. 

Total. 

Cost  per  Foot. 

$rr6    04 

$o  ^o? 

Track  and  pipe                              

1,532    26 

o  831; 

Power            

2,862    71 

I    ^60 

Lumber  and  timber                       .                    

e??    cj 

O    2QI 

Labor           

11,981  8s 

6    Z2Q 

Lights                                           ---        •                

2^3     7O 

O    127 

Explosives  

3,^22.06 

I.  919 

Expense                              

836  ii 

O    4S  C 

Total    183^' 

$22,oc;o   14 

$1  2    O2 

Pipe  line  through  tunnel  is  3^"  standard  black  pipe.  Track 
is  i6-lb.  section,  on  ties  laid  20"  apart.  Powder  (40%  dyna- 
mite) cost  $0.1315  at  the  portal.  Close  estimation  places  its 
consumption  at  14.5  Ibs.  .per  foot  for  machine  driving.  Steam 
coal  cost  $3  per  ton  at  the  boilers.  The  air  pressure  was  nom- 
inally 100  Ibs.  and  a  recording  gauge  kept  on  the  line  proved 
of  value  in  many  ways.  There  was  always  plenty  of  air.  No 
charge  for  depreciation  of  tools  and  equipment  has  yet  been 
entered;  renewals  and  repairs  are  made  and  charged  currently 
to  "  tunnel  expense,"  and  the  actual  value  of  the  outfit  to  the 
company  is  about  equivalent  to  new,  as  nothing  has  been  allowed 
to  run  down. 

Large  vs.  Small  Drilling  Machines.1  The  purpose  of 
this  paper  is  to  discuss  the  relative  merits  of  the  large  3^" 
machine  and  the  small  2\"  tappet  machine  in  driving  develop- 
ment headings;  although  the  data  were  obtained  from  cross- 
cut headings  alone,  experience  has  shown  that  the  results  are 
equally  true  in  drifting,  raising  and  winzing. 

1  A  paper  by  Frederick  T.  Williams,  Mining  Engineer,  Victor,  Colo.,  entitled 
"The  Relative  Merits  of  Large  and  Small  Drilling  Machines  in  Development 
Work,"  published  (subject  to  revision)  in  Bulletin  No.  8,  March,  1906,  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 


DRILLING  ON  LAND  155 

Recently  we  drove  two  parallel  cross-cuts  through  the  same 
formation,  using  a  3^"  machine  at  the  breast  of  one  cress-Gut, 
and  a  2\"  machine  of  the  same  make  at  the  breast  of  the  other. 
The  results  of  this  work  afforded  an  ideal  comparison,  since  in 
both  cases  the  headings  were  advanced  through  rock  practically 
of  the  same  hardness  and  breaking  properties;  the  amount  of 
sludging  was  equal,  and  there  was  no  difference  in  the  condition 
of  the  steel  or  the  machines,  in  the  air  pressure  or  in  the  experience 
of  the  operating  crews. 

Some  operators  in  the  Cripple  Creek  district  contend  that 
there  is  ground  which  cannot  be  handled  with  the  small  machine, 
the  holes  being  too  small  to  contain  enough  powder  to  pull  the 
ground,  etc.  The  results  obtained  in  working  the  property  of 
the  Portland  Gold  Mining  Co.,  however,  show  that  the  ground 
worked  by  them  does  not  fall  in  this  class.  During  a  period  of 
two  years  there  have  been  driven,  with  the  small  machine,  4  miles 
and  308  ft.  of  development  headings,  through  a  diversity  of 
ground,  including  Pike's  Peak  granite  (a  coarsely  porphyritic 
type  of  granite),  highly  indurated,  andesitic  or  phonolytic  breccia, 
true  massive  andesite,  trachytic  phonolyte,  tufas,  and  along 
dikes  of  decomposed  basalt  and  hard  phonolyte.  In  every 
instance  a  satisfactory  record  was  made. 

The  headings  here  described  were  driven  through  highly 
indurated,  andesitic  breccia,  having  a  hardness  of  from  5.2  to 
7.2  and  a  specific  gravity  of  from  2.2  to  2.8.  The  action  of  the 
breccia  under  the  drill  was  not  materially  different  from  that 
of  ordinary  red  granite.  The  breccia  was  not  as  free  drilling  as 
granite,  and  sludge  accumulated  very  rapidly  after  a  shallow 
depth  of  hole  had  been  gained,  but  it  broke  better  than  granite. 

Aside  from  the  usual  work  of  setting  up,  drilling,  and  load- 
ing, the  machine-men  or  helpers  mucked  back,  cleaning  the 
floor  of  muck  3  or  4'  back  from  the  breast  in  order  to  posi- 
tion the  column  properly.  If  the  "  lifters  "  acted  properly  at 
the  previous  firing,  the  muck  was  fairly  well  thrown  back  from 
the  breast;  but  if  either  missed  fire  or  were  exploded  before 
the  other  holes,  considerable  muck  was  left  at  the  breast  which 
required  much  additional  labor.  The  usual  time  needed  to 


156 


ROCK  DRILLING 


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158 


ROCK  DRILLING 


muck  back  was  1.25  hrs.,  but  this  varied  considerably.  Flat 
steel  48X96X1"  sheets  were  used,  from  which  to  shovel  the 
material.  These  were  placed  in  position  3  or  4'  back  from  the 
breast  by  the  trammer,  just  before  going  off  shift.  The  ground 
broke  fine  enough  to  require  little  or  no  sledging.  A  cubic  foot 
of  breccia  in  place  will  average  154  Ibs.  in  weight  as  compared  with 
90  Ibs.  on  the  muck  pile,  giving  an  average  of  42%  of  void  space. 
All  the  waste  was  trammed  to  the  shaft  800'  distant,  and  hoisted 
to  the  surface.  No  timber  was  used  in  either  heading. 

TABLE  II 

EXPLOSIVES— DETAILED    REPORT    OF    THE     PORTLAND     GOLD 

MINING    COMPANY    FOR   TWENTY   DAYS    ENDING 

OCTOBER  16,  1903. 


Pounds 
of 
Powder. 

Pounds 
of 
Powder 
per  Foot 
Driven. 

Feet 
of 
Fuse. 

Feet  of 
Fuse 
per  Foot 
Driven. 

No.  of 
Caps. 

No.  of 
Caps 
per  Foot 
Driven. 

Large  machine  (3^"). 
Cross-cut  (5.5X7.5') 
c  -day  run 

4.O  I 

17     23 

872 

3O   ^O 

116 

8-day  run         

660 

14   ?o 

II7Q 

2C     3C 

1*8 

3    3O 

7  -da}7  run 

C44 

I  s     32 

804 

2O    (x 

134. 

•  // 

Averages  and  totals  .  . 
Small  machine  (2$") 
Cross-cut  (3.5X7') 
^  -day  run 

1704 
264 

15  -  40 
1  1    OO 

2855 
672 

25.80 

28  oo 

408 
06 

3.69 

8-dav  run         

378 

0  4^ 

II2Q 

28    22 

I  ^  I 

3    77 

7~dav  run 

"62 

7  8-? 

742 

22    1^ 

I  2O 

3   =;8 

J-  0° 

Averages  and  totals.  .  .  . 

904 

9.27 

2543 

26.08 

367 

3.76 

CHAPTER  IX 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 

Standard  Rates  on  Subaqueous  Drill  Work.  For  the  same 
reasons  that  governed  us  in  the  case  of  dry  work,  we  have  in 
this  chapter  reduced  the  costs  to  the  following  standard  basis: 

TABLE  OF  STANDARD  RATES  OF  WAGES  FOR  SUBAQUEOUS 

WORK 


Rate  per  Hour. 

Rate  per  Day. 

Runner 

27* 

$3    02* 

Runner's  helper                                                  .    ... 

22 

2.  42 

Blacksmith  

33 

3.63 

Blacksmith's  helper 

22 

2    42 

Fireman       

2? 

2.  7=; 

Powderman 

3O 

3,     3O 

Labor      -                -                    

22 

2.  42 

Coal 

3  15  per  ton 

Oil             ... 

40  cts.  per  gal. 

Dynamite  

12  cts.  per  Ib. 

Observations  at  West  Neebish  Channel,  St.  Mary's  River, 
July,  1909.  As  part  of  the  work  on  the  improvement  of  the 
inland  lakes  the  channel  of  St.  Mary's  River  is  being  deepened 
by  the  U.  S.  Government.  Part  of  this  improvement,  known 
as  the  West  Neebish  Channel,  has  been  completed  and  opened  to 
traffic  for  some  time,  and  during  the  summer  of  1909  work  on 
that  part  known  as  the  middle  Neebish  Channel  was  progressing 
rapidly. 

On  the  completion  of  the  present  work  there  will  be  a  channel 
from  the  U.  S.  Government  Ship  Canal  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to 
Lake  Huron,  300'  in  width,  and  with  a  depth  of  24'  at  mean 
low- water  level.  The  portion  of  the  work  covered  by  the  con- 
tract of  the  Great  Lakes  Dredge  Dock  Co.  is  typical  of  the  work 

159 


160 


ROCK  DRILLING 


east   of   Neebish   Island   and   contains    the   following   items   of 

interest. 

The  drill  plant  was  installed  on  a  boat  of  30'  beam  and  120' 

length,  center  to  center  of  spud 
anchors.  All  machinery,  with  the 
exception  of  the  drill  machines, 
spuds,  spud  engines,  and  the  wind- 
lasses, was  housed  in  a  shed  20' 
wide.  The  blacksmith  shop  occu- 
pied one  end  of  this  building  next 
to  the  coal  bunker,  which  opened 
on  the  boiler  room.  Back  of  the 
boiler  room  was  the  pump  room, 
containing  two  force  pumps,  one 
for  working  the  hydraulic  lifts  and 
one  for  supplying  the  water  jets. 
In  the  pump  room  were  also  a  small 
engine  and  generator  for  supplying 
light  for  the  night  shift.  Next  to 
the  pump  room  was  a  large  room 
used  for  a  work  room  and  storage. 
In  this  there  were  kept  the  oil 
supply,  waste,  repair  parts  for  the 
drills,  and  such  small  tools  as  were 
needed  from  time  to  time.  There 
were  also  a  couple  of  work-benches, 
one  of  which  was  used  by  the  man 
who  prepared  the  exploders  and 
wires  for  blasting. 

An  open  "  hall  "  extended  the 
full  length  of  the  house  on  the  side 
next  to  the  drills,  all  the  various 
rooms  being  partitioned  off  except 

FIG.    76. — The    "Auto-screw"          .,1111         ^11  1,1 

Frame  for  Submarine  Drilling.          the  blacksmith  shop  and   the  work- 

shop.     The  only  obstruction  in  this 

passage  was  a  hydraulic   cylinder    and  piston   12"  in  diameter 
and  15'  6"  long,  coupled  to  an  endless  chain,  for  use  in  moving 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


161 


FIG.  77.— Drill  Boat  at  West  Neebish  Channel. 


FIG.  78.— St.  Mary's  River,  Mich.     Great  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Co, 


162  ROCK  DRILLING 

the  drills  along  their  rails.  Drill  steel  was  stored  on  the  floor 
of  this,  passage  and  steels  were  handled  here  by  means  of  block 
and  tackle  at  the  forge. 

The  frame  of  the  boat  consisted  of  seven  longitudinal  trusses, 
two  of  them  with  wood  top  and  bottom  chords  and  steel  web  mem- 
bers, the  others  being  all  wood.  The  wood  trusses  were  6'  on 
centers  and  the  extreme  ones  3'  from  the  outside  steel  trusses. 
Between  the  trusses  the  deck  was  carried  on  6X12"  sills 
supported  at  intervals  of  5'  10"  by  6X6"  posts,  which  rested 
on  other  6X12"  sills  on  the  bottom  of  the  hull.  Between  the 
longitudinal  wood  trusses  bracing  was  run  at  intervals  of  about 
20'.  The  planking  of  the  hull  was  fastened  directly  to  one  leg 
of  the  6X6"  angles,  which  made  up  the  vertical  members  of 
the  steel  trusses. 

The  boat  seemed  to  be  very  tight  and  was  almost  absolutely 
dry.  The  space  under,  deck  was  used  for  storing  steel,  pipe, 
hose,  tools,  blacksmith  and  other  rough  supplies. 

The  drill  outfit  consisted  of  five  6J"  Ingersoll-Rand  drills, 
type  K  6.  These  drills  were  mounted  on  a  frame  built  of  steel 
angles,  an  idea  of  their  detail  being  given  by  the  accompanying 
photographs.  Each  drill  was  raised  by  a  hydraulic  lift  cylinder 
at  the  top  of  the  frame,  having  a  lift  of  18'  and  controlled  by  a 
triple  valve  operated  by  a  hand  lever,  also  shown  by  the  views. 

The  steels  used  were  35'  long  over  all;  32'  of  this  length 
was  2?>"  round  material  and  had  on  its  end  3'  of  octagonal  sec- 
tion. This  end  was  of  harder  steel  and  was  used  as  the  drilling 
end;  4'  of  the  upper  end  of  the  steel  was  reduced  slightly  so  as 
to  fit  the  chuck.  When  first  used  the  steel  had  an  X  point,  4!" 
to  gauge,  but  with  use  it  may  wear  down  to  3"  before  being 
sharpened.  Thus  the  holes  varied  in  diameter,  from  about  6" 
at  the  top  with  a  new  bit  to  perhaps  3!"  with  a  worn  bit.  A 
steel  did  about  225'  with  one  sharpening.  The  depth  of  water 
at  this  part  of  the  channel  was  from  23  to  24'  with  a  current  of 
4  to  6  miles  an  hour.  The  channel  being  worked  was  150'  wide, 
the  other  150'  of  the  subsequent  30o-foot  channel  having  been 
completed.  The  current  near  the  deep  channel  was  much 
swifter  than  that  at  a  distance  from  the  old  excavation  and  this, 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  163 

with  the  fact  of  the  rock  having  been  partly  broken  by  the  work 
on  the  other  portion  of  the  channel,  made  drilling  near  the  deep__ 
channel  quite  difficult. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  efficiency  factors 
observed  on  this  work: 

Diameter  of  piston,  6J". 

Length  of  stroke,  12". 

Kind  of  rock,  Potsdam  sandstone. 

Diameter  of  bit  at  starting,  4!"  gauge,  but  reduces  to  about 
3"  in  the  work. 

Length  of  feed,  18'  (6"  hydraulic  jacks). 

Steam  pressure  at  boiler,  105  Ibs. 

Diameter  of  feed  pipe,  ij"  (2"  discharge). 

Length  of  steel  over  all  35',  this  includes  32'  of  2%'  round 
steel  and  an  octagonal  end  3'  long  which  is  harder  than  the 
shaft  and  on  which  the  point  is  made.  About  4'  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  shaft  is  slightly  reduced  to  be  held  in  the 
chuck. 

Weight  of  steel,  2^"  diam.,  585  Ibs. 

Kind  of  chuck,  U. 

Number  of  drills,  5. 

Type  of  drill  and  marks,  Ingersoll-Rand,  K6.     (No.  7501.) 

Depth  of  hole,  7'.  The  average  hole  is  7'  deep,  but  near 
east  side  of  channel  one  row  of  holes  varying  from  3  to  4'  was 
drilled. 

Diameter  of  holes,  6"  at  top  when  finished,  4->"  to  3"  at 
bottom. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,  6'. 

Lateral  spacing  of  holes,  6' '. 

Nature  and  condition  of  material:  This  channel  was  worked 
over  six  years  ago  and  is  somewhat  damaged  and  often 
seamy. 

Length  of  shift,  n  hrs.  (2  shifts  per  day). 

Kind  of  boiler,  Scotch  marine,  3  fires,  14'  long  by  13' 
diameter. 

Horse-power  of  boiler,  200. 

Steel   handled    by    hand   when   placing   in   drill    or   taking 


164 


ROCK  DRILLING 


to  blacksmith  shop;  while  being  sharpened,  steel  is  suspended 
by  chain  at  end  away  from  forge. 

Size  of  jet,  J"  diameter  at  point.  7520  cu.ins.  water  used  per 
jet  per  cutting  minute,  17.4  cu.ins.  water  per  cubic  inch  of  rock 
cut. 

Connection  of  jet,  kind  and  size,  30'  of  3"  pipe  for  main  supply. 
From  this  for  each  machine  there  are  8'  of  ij"  pipe  to  hose,  30' 
of  I"  hose,  30'  of  I"  pipe,  and  8'  of  \"  pipe  for  jet. 

Drill  is  moved  on  track  by  chain  operated  by  hydraulic 
power. 

Supplies  brought  from  Soo  by  scow  and  tug. 


FIG.  79. — Spud  Gear  on  Drill  Boat  at  West  Neebish  Channel. 

Coal  consumption  25  tons  per  week,  12  shifts,  840  Ibs.  per 
drill  per  day  (i  shift). 

Oil  used,  f  pint  per  drill  per  range  of  four  holes;  average 
9  pts.  per  drill  per  shift. 

Equipment  towed  by  tug;  when  moved  from  range  to  range, 
moved  by  anchors  and  current. 

Blacksmith's  duties,  all  ordinary  repairs  and  all  bit  sharpening 
and  welding. 

Blasting  charge,  2  sticks,  at  o.\  Ibs. 

Blacksmith's  duties,  size  of  powder,  60%  Forcite  gelatin. 

Size  of  sticks,  2X16". 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  165 

Kind  of  fuse,  Reliable  double  strength,  8'  wire.  Also  DuPont 
and  Victor  double  strength. 

One  fuse  to  hole;  i  to  blast. 

Men  blasting:  3  powdermen,  2  wiremen. 

Drill  strokes  per  minute  varied  from  144  to  300.  Average 
running  about  240. 

Bit  tempering:   hard. 

Interest  and  depreciation  at  2%  per  working  month  on  plant, 
valued  at  $35,000,  $13.45  per  shift. 

Moving  boat  from  range  to  range  consumed  13.35%  °f  tota^ 
time  costing  13.35%  wages  per  shift  =-$7. 90.  This  large  amount 
is  due  to  the  speed  of  drilling,  which  causes  frequent  movings  of 
boat. 

Superintendence,  i  foreman  at  $5.00  per  shift,  9.25%  of  hourly 
labor. 

Cost  of  moving  boat,  $7.90  per  shift,  or  $1.58  per  drill  per 
shift. 

The  following  is  a  rough  inventory  of  the  plant  in  use  on  this 
work: 

One  scow,  30X126'. 

One  Scotch  marine  (3-fire)  boiler,  14'  long  by  13'  diam- 
eter. 

One  blacksmith's  forge,  blower  and  anvil  with  smoke- 
stack. 

One  blacksmith's  bench,  i  vise,  i  pipe  clamp  (small). 

Seventeen  spare  drill  bits;    full  length  35'. 

One  hydraulic  cylinder  i2//Xi5/6//,  with  3^"  piston  and 
traction  chain. 

One  Worthington  feed  pump  (small). 

Two  Snow  Steam  Pump  Co.  force  pumps. 

One  dynamo  and  switchboard  driven  by  one  cylinder  belted 
engine;  dynamo,  no  volts  and  42  amperes,  D.C.  Westinghouse,  5 
H.P.,  1600  R.P.M. 

One  small  vertical  washout  boiler. 

Five  drill  machines,  Ingersoll-Rand  6J"  on  track  of  2'  6" 
I-beams. 

Two  capstans,  steam  driven. 


166 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Four  spud  engines,  each  equipped  with  Superior  Iron  Works 
6X6^"  engine. 

Four  mooring  posts  (iron). 

Two  double  post  sheaves. 

GENERAL  NOTES.  Spuds  were  operated  by  four  two-cylinder 
Superior  Iron  Works  6X6J"  engines,  fed  by  ij"  pipe. 

Drill  steel,  " Black  Diamond  "  and  "Colonial* 


Pump  for  jets  was  12"  diameter  by  5X12' 


giving  80  strokes 


r 


FIG.  80.— Drill  Boat  at  West  Neebish  Channel. 

per  minute.  Pump  for  hydraulic  lift  was  16"  diameter  by 
6X12"  stroke.  The  hydraulic  cylinder  used  for  moving  drills 
was  also  supplied  by  this  pump. 

The  moving  of  the  drill  frame  is  done  by  means  of  a  chain 
running  through  a  +  shaped  hole  in  the  steel  base  of  the  drill 
frame.  A  slotted  block  is  dropped  over  the  chain  and  it  engages 
between  the  links,  thus  dragging  the  frame  along  when  the  chain 
is  moved  by  its  hydraulic  cylinder. 

In  each  "range"  each  machine  drills  4  holes,  therefore  there  are 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


167 


20  holes  to  the  range.  A  range  generally  takes  45  min.  to  finish. 
When  a  range  is  finished  the  boat  is  swung  on  the  spuds  by 
the  current.  When  a  cross  range  is  finished  the  boat  is  worked 
diagonally  across  the  channel  to  the  next  range  below,  next 
to  the  center  line  of  the  channel. 

The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  costs  per  cubic  yard  of 
pay  rock  and  per  lineal  foot  of  hole  while  drilling  7'  holes  as 
observed.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  number  of  feet  drilled  per 
shift  was  remarkably  high,  due  to  the  excellent  organization  of 
the  work,  and  to  the  fact  that  there  were  few  interruptions 
from  accidental  causes,  and  to  the  further  fact  that  excellent 
hydraulic  jets  were  in  operation;  and  that  the  men  were  well 
trained. 

TABLE    OF   COSTS    ON   STANDARD   BASIS 


Amount 
per 
Shift. 

Totals. 

Per  Foot 
Drilled. 
Cents. 

Per  Pay 

Yard." 
Cents. 

5  drillers  at  27^  cts.  per  hr.  (n  hr.  shift)... 
5  helpers  at  22  cts.  per  hr         

$15.12 

I  2    IO 

T      f\^ 

T.  loaders  at  30  cts  per  hr 

0  QO 

27.22 

2.13 

3  loaders'  helpers  at  22  cts.  per  hr     .       .    . 

7   26 

i  blacksmith  at  33  cts.  per  hr 

3   6^ 

1  -34 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers  at  22  cts.  per  hr.  .  .  . 

4.84 

8.  „ 

££ 

i  nipper  at  i  .00  

I    OO 

•47 

I    OO 

O.5I 

o  06 

o  08 

i  fireman  at  25  cts  per  hr 

2    7£ 

2    7^ 

o  16 

O    T 

i  foreman  at  9.25%  per  hr.  of  hourly  labor. 

5.00 

5.00 

o  .30 

°-39 

Total  labor  

61  60 

3  67 

4  81 

Dynamite,  5  Ibs.  per  hole,  1200  Ibs.  60%  at 
1  2  cts.  per  pound  :  

144   OO 

8  <?7 

II     2<? 

300  exploders  at  3  cts 

9OO 

o  ^  d. 

O    7O 

Coal,  2.1  tons  at  $3.15           

6  62 

O    T.Q 

o  52 

Oil,  waste,  YS  Pmt  per  hole,  ^  bbl.  at  40  cts. 

2.60 

o  .  15 

o  20 

Total  for  1680  lin.ft.,  or  1280  cu.yds. 
Plant,    $35.000,   interest    and   depreciation 
working  month    2^/0 



223.82 

I  3    4^ 

J3-32 
o  80 

17.48 

I    OZ 

Consumption  of  dynamite  was  on  the  basis  of  0.56  Ib.  nitro- 
glycerin  per  yard  of  pay  rock. 


168 


ROCK  DRILLING 


JTIG>  gT  _ Drill  Frame  on  Drill  Boat  at  West  Neebish  Channe 


FIG.  82.— Foot  of  Drill  Frame  on  Drill  Boat  at  West  Neebish  Channel. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  169 

The  above  figures  are  based  on  an  average  performance  of 
240  holes,  7'  deep  per  shift,  or  1680  lin.ft.  drilled.  Since_the^ 
holes  were  drilled  3'  below  grade  and  were  spaced  6X6',  this 
corresponds  to  240X4X1^  =  1280  cu.yds.  of  pay  rock  loosened. 
The  average  drill  performance  was  30.5'  per  drill  hour.  This 
does  not  include  contractor's  overhead  charges  or  profit,  and 
no  account  is  taken  of  the  preparatory,  charges,  i.e.,  cost  of 
getting  ready  to  work  in  the  spring  and  cleaning  up  in  the  fall, 
or  storing  equipment  during  the  winter.  Profit  on  the  con- 
tractor's capital,  legal  expenses,  insurance  bond,  and  charity 
have  been  omitted. 

The  average  cutting  speed  for  the  four  drills  was  2.52'  per 
cutting  minute. 

Ratio  of  cutting  time  to  total  time  =  0.248. 

Ratio  of  idle  time  to  useful  working   time    (cycle   time)  = 

0.55- 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  average  performance 

data  with  deductions  therefrom: 

Shifts i 

Hours -  ii 

Number  of  holes 240 

Depth  of  holes 7' 

Lineal  feet  drilled 1680 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock 1 280 

Dynamite,  60% 1200  Ibs.  or  720  Ibs.  nitroglycerin 

Coal,  tons 2.1 

Labor  per  shift $61 .60 

Lineal  feet  per  shift 1 680 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hour 3°-5 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hour 6.95 

Labor  per  foot  drilled  in  cents 3.67 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift 1280 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hour. 23.3 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  foot  drilled 0.762 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock 4.81 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift  in  pounds 840 


170  ROCK  DRILLING 

Coal  per  foot  drilled  pounds  in 2.5 

Dynamite  per  foot  drilled  in  pounds,  60%, 

0.715  or  0.429  Ib.  nitroglycerin 
Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock, 

0.938  or  0.563  Ib.  nitroglycerin 
Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  of  rock  blasted, 

0.536  or  0.322  Ib.  nitroglycerin 
Cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  loaded  exclusive  of 

dynamite   exploders,  interest  and  depreciation  (cts).          4.21 
Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  exclusive  of  interest 

and  depreciation  (cts) 1 7.48 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  including  interest 

and  depreciation,  estimated  (cts.) 18.53 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  blasted  (cts.) 10.6 

Ratio  of  cubic  yards  blasted  to  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock.  1.75 

TIME  STUDY. — In  drilling  a  range  of  20  holes,  with  a  5 -drill 
boat,  each  machine  drills  4  holes,  and  when  the  longitudinal  axis 
of  the  boat  is  parallel,  or  nearly  so,  with  a  swift  stream,  the  debris 
that  is  washed  out  of  the  upstream  holes  by  the  jets  or  blown  loose 
by  blasts,  drifts  down  upon  the  drills,which  are  working  farther, 
down  stream  and  clogs  them,  making  an  increase  in  the  time 
necessary  for  drilling,  cleaning  and  often  loading  the  hole.  For 
this  reason  the  upstream  drills  are  nearly  always  ahead  of  the 
others  in  their  work,  and  the  lowermost  drill  usually  has  to  finish 
the  range  while  the  others  stand  idle.  A  time  study  is  given 
below  for  the  operation  of  this  boat.  No  time  was  taken  on  drill 
No.  3.  No.  i  was  the  downstream  drill  and  No.  5  the  upstream 
one. 


SUBAQUEOUS   DRILLING 


171 


Number  of  observations  

39  holes. 

43  holes^  

Lineal  feet             

273 

301 

Average  depth  of  holes  

7  feet 

Drill  number           

No.  i. 

No.  2. 

Process. 

Min. 

Av. 

Max. 

Min. 

Av. 

Max. 

2:00 

0:25 
0:05 
0:25 
0:15 
0:30 
3:40 

3:27 
1:09 

o:43 
1:19 

1:04 
1:10 

8:52 

7:00 

4:45 
3:00 

3--I5 
2:40 
2:40 
23:20 

1:25 
0:15 
0:00 
0:15: 
0:10 
0:20 
2:25 

2:30 
1:08 
0:32 
1:02 
1:00 
1:04 
7:16 

5:00 
4:40 
1:50 
3:10 
2:30 
i-45 
i8o5 

Waiting  for  loaders  

\Vaiting  for  shot        

Getting  into  new  position  
Time  of  cycle               •   

Number  of  observations  

16  holes. 

1  6  holes 

Lineal  feet  

"3 

112 

Average  depth  of  holes  

7  feet. 

Drill  number           

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

Process. 

Min. 

Av. 

Max. 

Min. 

AV. 

Max. 

4:05 
1:05 
1:25 
2:45 
2:35 
1:10 

13:05 

Drilling  hole  
Finishing  hole 

1:50 
O:2O 
0:10 

o:45 
0:10 

o:35 
3:5° 

2:44 
0:38 
0:38 
1:10 
1:05 
1:11 
7:26 

5:5° 
i:45 

I:I5 
2:50 
2:20 

1:50 

*5-5° 

1:05 
O:OO 
0:10 

o:35 
0:30 
0:25 

2:45 

2:10 
O:29 
0:38 

1:10 
1:08 
1:03 
6:29 

Waiting  for  loaders  
Loading 

\Vaiting  for  shot         .... 

Getting  into  new  position  

Time  of  cycle 

The  limiting  drill,  therefore  was  No.  i,  which  averaged  8 
min.  52  sec.  per  7'  hole,  while  No.  5  averaged  6  min.  29  sec. 

Edwards  Brothers'  Drill  Boat  (Observed,  1909).— This  boat 
is  working  at  deepening  the  channel  of  the  St.  Mary's  River  just 
east  of  Neebish  Island,  and  a  little  above  the  Great  Lakes.  It 
is  small,  but  sound  and  in  good  working  trim.  Her  antiquated 
appearance  would  seem  to  belie  this  fact,  but  when  her  history 
is  known  there  is  really  nothing  contradictory  in  the  two  state- 
ments. It  was  built  about  ten  years  ago  and  was  then 
equipped  with  the  best  up-to-date  machinery.  Upon  comple- 


172 


ROCK  DRILLING 


tion,  this  boat  was  not  put  into  commission,  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  company  owning  her  got  into  some  sort  of  litiga- 
tion which  prevented  it.  In  1909,  Edwards  Bros,  purchased 
the  boat  and  put  her  into  commission  in  the  summer.  Their 
contract  calls  for  860  holes  and  the  time  limit  is  five 
weeks. 

As  said,  the  boat  works  very  efficiently  as  far  as  the  drilling 
machinery  is  concerned,  but  much  time  is  consumed  in  shifting  it. 


FIG.  83.— Edwards  Bros.'  Drill  Boat,  St.  Mary's  River. 

This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  both  the  spud  anchors  and  the  wind- 
lasses must  be  operated  by  hand.  The  boat  is  of  wood  through- 
out, her  hull  being  built  on  the  regular  scow  lines.  She  is  80' 
long  and  24'  wide,  and  is  equipped  with  two  Ingersoll-Rand  drills, 
type  13  D.H.  2.  Spacing  of  the  holes  being  6',  each  drill  must 
do  seven  holes  to  a  range  (end  holes  being  4'  apart). 

The  method  of  moving  the  drill  frames  along  the  deck  is 
not  by  means  of  an  hydraulic  jack  and  an  endless  chain  as  is 
usual.  Here  there  is  a  chain  passing  under  each  drill  frame  and 
winding  onto  a  small  steam  windlass  at  each  end  of  the  boat. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


173 


Attached  to  each  drill  is  a  small  chain  and  hook  which,  when  it 
is  desired  to  move  the  drill  frame  along  the  deck,  is  engaged  in  & 
link  of  the  larger  chain,  and  the  proper  windlass  set  in  motion. 
The  track  on  which  the  drill  frame  slides  is  made  of  flat  steel 
strips.  The  face  of  an  angle  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  boat 
forms  one  of  these  and  the  other  is  a  flat  piece  of  steel  attached 
to  the  deck  some  3'  from  the  angle. 

The  drills  are  lifted  by  means  of  hydraulic  jacks,  which  are 
fed  by  a  12X4^X10  Worthington  pump.     Another  Worthington 


FIG.  84. — Spud  Gear  on  Edwards  Bros.'  Drill  Boat. 

pump,  6X4X6,  working  at  50  strokes  per  minute,  furnishes 
water  for  the  washout  pipes  at  250  Ibs.  pressure.  The  washout 
pipe  which  uses  this  high  pressure  washout  water  is  composed 
of  three  sections  of  pipe  of  three  sizes,  f,  |,  and  f".  The  last 
section  is  so  flexible  and  weak  that  the  driller's  helper  has  a  very 
busy  time  keeping  it  straightened  out  and  in  operation. 

The  drill  bits  used  are  of  Black  Diamond  steel.  These 
bits  are  37'  in  length  and  2"  in  section.  The  lower  ends, 
however,  are  upset  for  the  pointing  to  zV' .  The  points  are 


174  ROCK  DRILLING 

of  this  shape  + ,  being,  when  newly  sharpened,  4 J",  but  wearing 
away  to  3^"  before  resharpening.  Drill  steel  is  handled  by  hand, 
requiring  about  n  min.  to  replace  a  dull  bit  with  a  sharp  one. 
One  of  these  bits  weighs  387  Ibs.  and  will  generally  drill  35  holes. 
Spare  bits,  as  well  as  a  pump,  boiler,  coal  bin,  and  blacksmith 
shop  and  outfit,  are  all  housed  in  a  wooden  shed  covering  the 
larger  portion  of  the  deck. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  of  this  boat  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

One  drill  boat,  80X24'. 

One  powder  boat. 

One  cutter. 

Two  drills. 

Two  steam  winches  for  moving  drill  frames  along  deck. 

Two  hand  winches  for  operating  anchors. 

Four  hand  operated  spuds  or  anchor  posts  for  mooring  the 
boat. 

One' boiler  working  at  95  Ibs.  gauge. 

One  hydraulic  lift  pump,  Worthington,  12X4^X10. 

One  force  pump  for  washout  6X4X6,  50  strokes  per 
minute. 

One  forge. 

One  anvil. 

One  bench  and  vise. 

Extra  drill  bits. 

The  following  principal  efficiency  factors  were  observed : 

Diameter  of  piston,  5^". 

Length  of  stroke,  10". 

Kind  of  rock,  Potsdam  sandstone. 

Diameter  of  bit,  4^",  reduces  to  about  3^"  before  sharpening. 

Shape  of  bit,  +. 

Lift,  16'. 

Steam  pressure  at  boiler,  95  Ibs. 

Length  of  feed  pipe  and  diameter  of  feed  pipe,  2"  connections 
from  main  to  standard,  where  ij"  pipe  slides  inside  of  2"  pipe. 
The  maximum  length  on  the  standard  was  32'  and  up  to  that 
point  the  lead  is  about  25'. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  175 

Length  of  steel,  37'. 

Weight  of  steel,  387  Ibs.,  2"  diameter. 

Chuck  is  the  same  as  the  U  in  principle,  only  instead  of  a 
single  U  bolt  to  tighten  drill  there  are  two  separate  bolts  and 
nuts. 

Two  drills. 

Type  of  drill  13  D.H.  2. 

Depth  of  hole,  6'  average,  varies  somewhat  with  bottom. 

Diameter  of  hole  at  top,  5" '. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,  6'. 

Lateral  spacing  of  holes,  6'. 

Nature  and  condition  of  material:  the  bottom  was  worked 
over  about  six  years  ago  and  is  somewhat  broken  up  and  is  seamy 
from  the  previous  blasting. 

Cleaning  of  holes  done  by  jets. 

Length  of  shift,  n  hours,  2  shifts. 

Size  of  job,  five  weeks,  860  holes. 

An  upright  boiler. 

Forty  H.P.  boiler. 

Steel  handled  by  hand  entirely. 

Jet,  I",  24.2  cu.  inches  of  water  needed  per  cu.  inch  of  rock 
cut  by  bit;  3760  cu.  inches  of  water  needed  per  jet  per  cutting 
minute. 

Connection  of  jet,  i"  pipe,  to  which  is  connected  f"  hose. 
The  jet  pipe  is  f ",  with  a  \"  section  about  8'  long  on  the  end. 
The  \"  pipe  is  reduced  to  I"  at  end. 

Drill  moved  on  standard  by  chain  moved  by  steam  wind- 
lasses. 

Supplies  handled  by  scow  from  Soo. 

Four  tons  of  coal  per  day  =  2000  Ibs.  per  drill  per  shift. 

Oil  used,  i  bbl.  in  ij  weeks  =  12  \  pints  per  drill  per  shift. 

Equipment  floated. 

Blacksmith  does  repairs  of  drill  boat,  bits  and  dredge  re- 
pairs. 

Blasting  charge,  i|  sticks,  3  Ibs. 

Pluto  powder  used,  60%. 

Size  of  sticks,  2X16". 


176  ROCK  DRILLING 

Kind  of  fuse  Victor,  d.  s.  12. 
One  fuse  used  per  blast. 
For  time  of  blasting,  see  Time  Study. 
Two  men  blasting. 

Day  foreman,  at  16.2%  day's  wages. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant,  valued  at  $10,800  at  2% 
per  working  month  =  $4. 15  per  shift. 

Working  force:    2  drillers, 

2  drillers'  helpers, 

i  powderman, 

i  powderman's  helper, 

1  blacksmith 

2  helpers, 
i  fireman, 
i  nipper, 

i  foreman. 

The  observed  performance  of  this  boat  was  8  holes  of  6'  each 
in  255^  drill  min.  In  a  shift  of  1 1  hrs.  this  is  equivalent  to  41  holes, 
or  246  lin.ft.  The  captain  of  this  boat  counts  on  84  holes  in  22 
hrs.,  which  checks  well  with  the  observed  performance.  The  spac- 
ing of  these  holes  being  6'  each  way  the  cubic  yards  of  material 

loosened  would  be  -  —  =  328.     Holes  being  drilled  about 

2'  below  grade  the  pay  yardage  would  be  226.  Based  on  this 
performance  the  following  synopsis  of  costs  per  lineal  foot  drilled 
and  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  has  been  deduced.  No  account 
will  be  taken  of  contractor's  overhead  charges  or  profit,  prepara- 
tory charges,  legal,  insurance,  bond  and  charity,  medical  expenses, 
etc. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 

COSTS 


177 


Amount. 

Totals. 

Per  Foot 
Drilled. 
Cents. 

Per  Pay 

Yard. 
Cents. 

2  drillers  at  27  J  cts.  per  hr.  (u  hr.  shift)  .  .  . 
2  helpers  at  22  cts.  per  hr  

$6.05 
4.84 

$10.89 
5-72 

8.47 

2-75 

I  .00 

4-65 

14.76 

!-5° 

6.30 

1.22 

4-42 
2-32 
3-44 

I  .12 
0.41 
1.89 

6.00 
0.60 
2.56 

0.50 

4.82 
2-53 
3-75 

I  .22 
0.44 
2.06 

6-53 

0.66 

2.78 

0-54 

i  loader  at  30  cts  per  hr   

3-3° 
2.42 

i  loader's  helper  at  22  cts.  per  hr  

i  blacksmith  at  33  cts.  per  hr            

3-63 
4.84 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers  at  22  cts.  per  hr  .  .  .  . 
i  fireman  at  2^  cts  per  hr 

2-75 

I  .00 

4.65 

i  nipper  at  Si  oo                                     

i  foreman  at  $4.6^  per  day,  16.2%  

Dynamite,  3  Ibs.  per  hole,  123  Ibs.  60%  at 

1  2  CtS     

so  exnloders  at  3  cts 

Coal    2  tons  at  $3  15  .  .    .                  

Oil,  0.6  pints  per  hole=24^  pts.  at  40  cts 
Der  gal 

Total  for  246  lin.ft.  or  226  pay  yards 
Plant,   $10,800,  interest    and   depreciation, 
2%  per  working  month  

$57.26 
4-15 

23.26 
i  .69 

25-33 
1.84 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  average  performance 
data  with  deductions  therefrom : 


Shifts 

Hours 

Number  of  holes 

Depth  of  Holes 

Lin.  ft.  drilled . 

Cu.  yds.  pay  rock 

Dynamite,  60% 

Coal,  tons 

Labor  per  shift 

Lin.  ft.  per  shift 

Lin.  ft.  per  drill  hour 

Lin.  ft.  per  man  hour 

Labor  per  lin.  ft.  in  cts.  .  .  . 
Cu.  yds.  pay  rock  per  shift. 


ii 

4i 

6ft. 
246 
226 
123  Ibs. 

2 

$33-48 
246 

u. 18 
1.86 

13.60 
226 


178 


ROCK  DRILLING 


10 

14 

2000 
16 

i 
3/10 

-545 
.327 

-375 
.225 


Cu.  yds.  of  pay  rock  per  drill  hour 

Cu.  yds.  of  pay  rock  per  foot  drilled 

Labor  per  cu.  yd.  pay  rock  cts 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift  in  pounds 

Coal  per  lin.  ft  drilled,  Ibs 

Dynamite,  60%,  per  ft.  drilled,  dynamite 

nitroglycerin 
Dynamite,  60%,  per  cu.  yd.  pay  rock,  dynamite 

nitroglycerin 
Dynamite,  60%,  per  cu.  yd.  blasted,  dynamite 

nitroglycerin 

cu.  yd.  blasted 

Ratio-       —5 —      —  =  1.415. 

cu.  yd.  pay 

Total  cost  per  lin.  ft.  drilled  and  loaded,  exclusive  of  dynamite 
exploders,  interest  and  depreciation 16.66 

Total  cost  per  cu.  yd.  pay  rock,  exclusive,  of  interest  and  depre- 
ciation  25.33 

Total  cost  per  cu.  yd.  pay  rock,  including  interest  and  depre- 
ciation  27-I7 

Total  cost  per  cu.  yd.  blasted,  including  interest  and  deprecia- 
tion  18 . 73 


Drill  No.  i,  number  of  holes  drilled  while  under  observation,  5.  Average 
depth,  6';  lin.ft.,  30. 

Drill  No.  2,  number  of  holes  drilled  while  under  observation,  3.  Average 
depth,  6',  lin.ft.,  18. 

TIME   STUDY 


27 
92 

,82 

25 
lb. 

lb. 
lb. 

cts. 


No 

i. 

No 

2. 

No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 

Mean. 

Max. 

No.  of 
Obs. 

Min. 

Mean. 

Max. 

Drill  working 

e 

4:25 

6:3=5 

8:  so 

7 

3:30 

8:02 

12:31; 

Finishing  hole 

o:2O 

OI^2 

2:30 

•2 

0:^0 

•?:i3 

6:4? 

Wailing    for    loading 
Efansf 

B 

0:2? 

i:<2 

4.:o< 

o:i< 

1:17 

I'CC 

Loading  

4 

o:SO 

2:01 

3:40 

2 

1:4? 

3:00 

4:1? 

Waiting  for  shot 

4 

1:30 

2:^7 

3:^0 

3 

i:oc 

=5:42 

o:<o 

Getting  into  position  .  . 
Time  cycle 

3 

1:05 
8:3S 

2:06 
16:03 

2:20 
2?  :i\ 

2 

1:50 

8xs 

2:00 
23:14 

2:10 
•?7'3O 

SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  179 

Drill  No.  i  was  the  upstream  and  No.  2  was  the  downstream. 
The  cutting  speed  of  No.  i  was  0.915'  per  cutting  minute__pr_ 
54.9'  per  cutting  hour,  while  the  same  time  for  No.  2  was 
0.726  and  43.56.  This  shows  that  No.  i  worked  the  faster, 
and  it  was  due  no  doubt  to  the  fact  that  the  debris  from  No.  i 
washed  downstream  and  impeded  the  drilling  of  No.  2.  The 
average  cutting  speed  for  the  two  drills  was  0.82'  per  cutting 
minute  or  49.2'  per  cutting  hour.  The  average  ratio  of  cutting 
time  to  total  time  for  both  drills  was  0.223.  The  delays  amounted 
to  49.5%  of  total  time  and  the  ratio  of  idle  time  to  useful  (cycle) 
time  was  0.98. 


CHAPTER  X 
SUBAQUEOUS   DRILLING   (Continued) 

Operations  at  Blyth,  England.1  The  work  at  Blyth  was  for 
the  breaking  and  removal  of  rock  very  similar  in  structure  to 
the  sandstone  of  the  St.  Mary's  River.  One  dredge  of  the 
elevator  type  was  in  use  and  in  a  day  of  24  hrs.,  all  stops  allowed 
for,  the  average  performance  was  158  cu.yds.  Besides  the  dredge 
there  were  two  outfits  for  breaking  the  rock.  One  was  the 
Lobnitz  rock-breaker  and  the  other  a  drill  barge  having  six 
drills  that  were  lifted  by  steam  power  and  guided  by  hand.  The 
Lobnitz  rock-breaker  averaged  182  cu.yds.  per  day,  while  the 
drill  boat  averaged  81  cu.yds.  per  day.  The  cost  per  cubic  yard 
drilled  and  blasted  by  the  barge  was  35.,  while  by  the  Lobnitz 
rock-breaker  it  was  only  is.  2.5^.  The  cost  per  cubic  yard 
for  dredging  by  the  elevator  dredge,  the  rock  being  drilled  and 
blasted  by  the  barge,  was  2$.  6d.,  same  for  the  Lobnitz  breaker 
2s.  2d.  Allowing  4%  interest  and  2j%  depreciation  on  the 
dredge,  valued  at  ^19,000,  the  additional  cost  per  cubic  yard  for 
removal  of  rock  broken  by  the  drilling  and  blasting  would  be 
8.2 J.;  same  for  that  broken  by  the  Lobnitz  breaker  was  7. id. 

COMPARATIVE   COSTS   IN   ABOVE   SYSTEMS  (LOCAL  WAGES) 

s.  d. 

Drilling  and  blasting  rock  by  barge  per  cubic  yard 3  o 

Dredging  same,  25  6d,  plus  8.2d 3  2.2 

Total 6  2.2 

Breaking  rock  by  Lobnitz  rock-breaker i  2.5 

Dredging  same,  2s  2d,  plus  j.id 2  9.1 

Total 3  1 1. 6 

1  The  information  in  this  article  was  collected  by  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 

180 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  181 

Difference  in  cost  per  cubic  yard  in  favor  of  removal  of  rock 
broken  by  means  of  the  Lobnitz  breaker  2$  2.6d. 

Saving  on  500,000  cu. yds.  =  ^54,166. 

An  interesting  comparison  is  furnished  between  the  above 
two  methods  of  breaking  rock  and  that  by  use  of  Ingersoll-Rand 
submarine  drills  on  the  St.  Mary's  River. 

Costs  in  cents  per  cubic  yard  of  drilling  and  blasting,  using 
Ingersoll-Rand  submarine  drills,  18.45  +  1.05  (interest  and  depre- 
ciation) =  19.50. 

The  drop  drills  on  the  barge  at  Blyth  =  72.90. 

Lobnitz  breaker  is  2.5^=29.30. 

Saving  in  cost  of  breaking  500,000  cu.yds.  by  means  of  the 
Ingersoll-Rand  sumbarine  drill  as  compared  with  the  drop  drills 
on  barge  at  Blyth  and  the  Lobnitz  rock-breaker  is  as  follows: 

Saving  in  cost  by  use  of  Ingersoll-Rand  drills  compared  to 
drop  drills,  $264,800. 

Saving  in  cost  by  use  of  Ingersoll-Rand  drills  compared  with 
the  Lobnitz  system,  $49,600. 

NOTE. — It  will  be  noticed  in  the  first  comparison  that  rock 
broken  by  the  Lobnitz  system  could  be  dredged  about  15% 
more  cheaply  than  rock  broken  by  the  drop  drills  at  Blyth,  due 
to  the  former  method  furnishing  a  smaller-sized  rock.  But  with 
the  use  of  the  Ingersoll-Rand  drills  this  15%  disappears,  for  the 
resulting  rock  by  this  process  is  of  a  size  that  the  elevator  dredge 
could  handle  as  easily  as  that  broken  by  the  Lobnitz  system. 

Submarine  Rock  Excavation  (Port  Colborne  Harbor 
Works,  Welland  Canal,  Canada).  This  work  was  for  the 
removal  of  360,000  cu.yds.  of  hard  stratified  limestone  con- 
taining some  flint. 

Two  three-drill  drill  boats  were  used  on  this  contract.  The 
total  time  the  drill  boats  were  in  operation  was  equivalent  to 
5200  days'  work  of  one  drill  boat.  The  average  depth  drilled 
by  each  drill  per  hour  was  4}';  this  included  all  delays. 

The  total  feet  of  drilling  was  655,600  or  1.8'  per  cu.yd. 
Operations  were  carried  on  in  an  exposed  position;  much  delay 
was  caused  by  high  winds,  rough  water,  and  the  cold,  inclement 
weather. 


182  ROCK  DRILLING 

The  average  weight  of  explosive  used  was  ij  Ibs.  of  70% 
dynamite  per  cubic  yard  paid  for.  The  dynamite  cartridges 
were  if  XJ6",  weighing  5  Ibs.  each. 

Owing  to  the  uncertain  weather  conditions,  each  hole  was 
blasted  as  drilled  in  shallow  cutting,  when  the  cutting  was  deep 
and  the  surface  of  rock  close  to  the  bottom  of  the  boat,  the  boat 
was  moved  and  the  holes  fired  in  batches.  When  holes  were 
fired  in  batches  the  results  were  unquestionably  better,  but  where 
the  boats  may  be  driven  off  by  sudden  storms  it  is  not  safe 
to  have  a  number  of  holes  loaded,  as  the  connecting  wires  are 
liable  to  be  broken,  the  hole  lost,  or  the  vessel  endangered  by 
the  liability  of  the  dynamite  being  exploded  by  the  drill  steel 
when  operations  are  resumed. 

The  spacing  of  holes  depended  entirely  upon  the  nature  of 
the  rock.  In  clearly  stratified  rock,  holes  were  spaced  farther 
apart.  Spacing  6X8'  was  tried,  but  was  found  too  great  and 
had  to  be  redrilled.  Five  feet  spacing  and  6'  back  was  usually 
safe,  but  in  the  very  hard  material  5X5'  was  not  always  sufficient. 

The  depth  that  holes  were  drilled  below  grade  depended 
upon  the  nature  of  the  rock.  If  stratified,  one  bed  below, 
whatever  the  thickness  of  the  strata,  gave  good  results.  It  was 
usually  found  necessary  to  go  3'  below  the  grade  line. 

Improvement  of  Oswego  Harbor,  New  York,  Hingston, 
Rogers  &  O'Brien,  of  Buffalo,  Contractors.1  This  con- 
tract was  for  the  removal  of  graywacke,  a  hard  silicious  cemented 
sandstone,  to  form  a  channel  15'  deep.  The  rock  formation  was 
in  horizontal  beds  of  about  24"  in  depth.  It  was  not  homo- 
geneous, but  of  fragments  of  varying  degrees  of  hardness, 
cemented  together.  At  times  the  drill  bits  would  make  10' 
of  hole  without  dressing,  and  again  not  more  than  i'.  The 
loss  of  steel  through  abrasion  and  dressing  was  4  Ibs.  per  100' 
of  hole  drilled.  The  contract  price  to  grade  was  $2.75  per  cubic 
yard,  no  allowance  being  made  for  material  removed  from  below 
grade. 

The  drill  boat  employed  was  a  wooden  vessel  82X26X6??', 

1  The  data  on  this  article  were  collected  by  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


183 


carrying  two  5"  Ingersoll-Rand  drills  mounted  on  the  side  of 
the  boat  and  fitted  with  an  hydraulic  feed  with  a  stroke  of  12'. 
The  operating  crew  consisted  of  6  men  for  each  shift,  a  black- 
smith and  helper  being  carried  in  addition,  but  working  in  day- 
time only.  Two  shifts  per  day  of  n  hrs.  each. 

The  following  costs  are  for  1000  cu.yds.  of  pay  rock: 
Linear  feet,  8660.     Cubic  yards,  pay  rock,  1000.     (Note  local 
wages.) 


Cost  Items. 

Cost  per 
Linear  Foot. 
Cents. 

Per  Cubic 
Yard  Pay. 
Cents. 

Labor   33  days  at  $31                      .  -    • 

$1023  oo 

II   8l 

IO2    30 

49^  tons  coal  at  $3         

148  .  so 

1.  71 

14.8s 

42  J  gals  of  cylinder  oil  at  30  cts 

12    7O 

1  t 

I    27 

Shop  repair,  steel  and  other  stores  .... 

80.80 

-94 

8.08 

Total  drilling                

$1265  .OO 

14  61 

126    50 

Dynamite,  4000  Ibs.  75%  at  17  cts  
Fuses    1800  at  3  cts 

680.00 
PA    OO 

7-85 

62 

68.00 

£        AQ 

Total  drilling  and  blasting  

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant  esti- 
mated at  $15,000  at  2%  wrkg.  mo.. 

$1999.00 
381.00 

23.08 

4.40 

199.90 
38.10 

Total  

$2380.00 

27.48 

238  oo 

In  the  above  tabulation  of  cost  no  account  is  taken  of  con- 
tractors' overhead  charges,  organization  or  preparatory,  insurance, 
charities,  legal,  medical  expense,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  data  obtained,  based  on 
the  performance  and  costs  in  drilling  and  blasting  1000  cu.yds. 
of  pay  rock: 

Number  of  drills,  two  5"  Ingersoll  submarine.  Material,  hard 
sandstone. 

Shifts  worked 66 

Hours  worked 726 

No.  of  holes 1650 

Depth  of  holes 5-25' 


184  ROCK  DRILLING 

Linear  feet  drilled 8660 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock 1000 

Dynamite,  75% 4000  or  3000  Ibs.  glycerin 

Coal,  tons 49^ 

Labor  per  shift  (average) $15-50 

Linear  feet  per  shift 131 

Linear  feet  per  drill  hour 5.95 

Linear  feet  per  man  hour  (14  men,  2  shifts) 1.7 

Labor  per  foot  drilled,  in  cents 1 1.81 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift IS-I5 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hour 0.69 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  foot  drilled o.  1 16 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  cents , .   102.30 

Coal  per  foot  drilled,  in  pounds 1 1.4 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift,  pounds 750 

Dynamite  per  foot  drilled,  75%.  .  .0.462  Ibs.  =0.346  Ibs.  glycerin 
Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  75%  ...  4  Ibs.  =3  Ibs.  glycerin 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted 2  Ibs.  =  i  J  Ibs.  glycerin 

Cost  of  drilling  and  loading  (all  items  exclusive  of  dyna- 
mite fuses,  interest  and  depreciation)  per  lin.  ft 14.61  cts. 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay,  exclusive  of  interest  and 

depreciation 199.90  ' ' 

Dredging  cost  $500  =  1000  Ibs.  or  50  cents  per  cu.yd.  of 

pay  rock 50.00  " 

Total  drilling,  blasting  and  dredging  per  cubic  yard,  pay 
rock,  exclusive  of  interest  and  depreciation  (38.  i  cts. 

pay  yard) 249.90  ' ' 

Same,  including  interest  and  depreciation 288.00  ' ' 

Contract  price  per  cubic  yard  removed  above  grade $2.75 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio  of rr-   —3—       - 2.00 

cubic  yards  pay 

Observations  on  Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit 
River.  Improvements  are  now  being  carried  on  along  the  lower 
part  of  the  Detroit  River.  This  work  bears  the  name  of  the 
Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit  River.  Upon  its  com- 
pletion it  will  be  no  longer  necessary  for  both  up  and  down 
bound  vessels  to  use  the  same  narrow  300'  channel  between 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


185 


Bois  Blanc  Island  and  Amherstberg.  Instead  a  new  waterway 
will  be  at  the  service  of  downbound  vessels.  The  whole  job  -is 
of  such  magnitude,  extending  as  it  does  from  Limekiln  Crossing 
out  into  the  lake,  that  the  contract  for  it  was  let  in  four  distinct 
sections. 

A  very  interesting  section  of  this  work  is  No.  3.  The  work 
is  entirely  subaqueous,  and  consists  in  cutting  a  channel  23' 
deep,  300'  wide,  and  18,250'  long,  in  the  hard  limestone  forming 


FIG.  85. — Blast:  Five  Tons  of  Dynamite.     Submarine  Rock  Work,  -Livingstone 
Channel,  Detroit  River,  Mich. 

the  bed  of  the  river  at  this  place.  O.  E.  Dunbar  and  T.  B. 
McNaughton  signed  the  contract  for  this  portion  of  the  work. 
But  they,  too,  sublet  their  contract.  The  three  sections  so  sublet 
are  each  100'  wide  and  18,250'  in  length. 

M.  Sullivan  has  the  eastern  100'  section.  Dunbar  and 
Sullivan  the  middle  100',  and  the  Buffalo  Dredging  Company 
the  western  100'. 

To  carry  out  his  part  of  the  contract  M.  Sullivan  has  a  plant 
of  three  large  dredges,  the  Gladiator,  Hercules,  and  Old  Glory, 


186 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  86.— Drill  Boat  "  Destroyer." 


FIG.  87.— Drill  Boat  "  Destroyer. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  187 

with  their  attendant  scows  and  tugs,  and  also  three  drill  boats, 
the  Destroyer,  Dynamiter.,  and  Exploder.  It  was  the  Destroyer 
that  was  blown  up  during  the  summer  of  1908,  receiving  damages 
at  that  time  so  severe  as  to  necessitate  her  rebuilding. 

The  Destroyer  is  by  far  the  most  modern  of  the  M.  Sullivan 
drill  boats.  Her  hull  is  built  entirely  of  steel  and  the  deck  is 
of  the  same  material.  100'  long,  33'  wide  and  6'  deep,  she  is 
indeed  a  staunch  boat.  Three  transverse  bulkheads  divide  the 
interior  into  four  watertight  compartments,  each  27-1x33'.  Two 
longitudinal  bulkheads  divide  each  of  these  33'  compartments  into 
27  J  X 1 1'  sections.  Four  manholes  in  these  longitudinal  bulkheads 
furnish  a  means  of  passing  from  one  side  of  the  ship  to  the 
other. 

A  wooden  house  So'  long  and  24'  wide  incloses  all  machinery, 
excepting  the  4  drills,  2  capstans,  and  spud  engines.  The  spuds 
or  anchor  posts  are  operated  by  double  6X8  engines  made  by 
the  Chase  Machine  Company  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  capstans, 
one  at  each  end,  are  operated  by  small  engines  made  by  the 
Bath  Iron  Works  of  Bath,  Me. 

The  drills  are  the  Ingersoll-Rand  K  61,  having  6J"  cylinder. 
Inside  the  wooden  house  near  the  center  of  the  boat  is  a  large 
Scotch  marine  boiler,  and  near  it  on  the  upstream  end  the 
coal  bunkers  are  situated.  Alongside  the  coal  bunkers  on  the 
upstream  end  of  the  boat  is  the  blacksmith's  forge.  At  the 
other  end  are  the  two  Worthington  pumps.  There  is  a  passage- 
way on  the  side  of  the  house  nearest  the  drills,  clear  excepting 
for  the  spare  drills  and  the  hydraulic  cylinder  used  to  move  the 
drill  frames  along  the  deck.  The  house  also  contains  the' 
dynamo  for  the  electric  lighting  and  the  small  engine  for  running 
it. 

DRILL  DATA.     Type  of  drill,  Ingersoll-Rand,  K  61. 

Diameter  of  piston,  6J". 

Stroke,  9". 

Feed  19',  about. 

U-chuck. 

Steam  pressure,  100  Ibs.  gauge  at  boiler. 

Speed  about  225  strokes  per  minute. 


188 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  88.— Changing  Steels  on  Drill  Boat  "  Destroyer." 


FIG.  89.— Changing  Steels  on  Drill  Boat  "  Destroyer. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  189 

The  machine  is  moved  up  and  down  by  hydraulic  power. 
Worthington  pumps,  14X6X10,  5"  suction,  4"  discharge,  pres- 
sure about  300  Ibs.,  are  used  for  this  hydraulic  lift.  The  drill 
frames  are  moved  along  the  deck  by  a  chain  that  passes  through 
the  holes  in  the  front  ends  of  the  frame  of  each  machine  to  the 
ends  of  the  boat  where,  by  means  of  two  sheaves  about  5"  apart 
at  each  end  of  the  deck,  the  chain  makes  two  90°  turns,  and 
then  passes  into  the  house,  parallel  to  side  of  boat,  and  terminates 
in  the  piston  rods  of  a  double-acting  hydraulic  cylinder.  To 
move  a  frame  along,  a  pronged  piece  of  steel  is  slipped  over  the 
link  of  the  chain  nearest  the  frame,  so  that  when  the  hydraulic 
moves  this  pronged  piece  of  metal  bears  against  the  frame  and 
moves  it  along  the  deck  its  required  distance.  The  tracks  on  which 
the  frame  slides  are  steel  plates  4"  wide  and  f "  thick.  The  device 
for  securing  the  frames  in  place  after  they  have  moved  is  as  follows: 
A  chain  passes  through  holes  in  the  rear  of  each  frame,  which 
chain  is  anchored  at  each  end  of  the  deck.  The  frame  is 
secured  to  this  anchored  chain  by  means  of  two  clamps,  one 
at  each  end  of  the  frame. 

Drill  point,  best  octagon  tool  steel,  4}"  and  4". 

Length  of  steel,  36'  9" '. 

Circular  section  above  tool  steel  point,  2\"  and  2-J-". 

Bits  handled  by  hand.  They  are  taken  out  of  machine  and 
taken  to  blacksmith  as  follows:  First  the  U-chuck  bolts  are 
loosened  until  the  drill  bit  comes  out.  The  drill  cylinder 
is  lowered  by  the  hydraulic  as  low  as  possible  and  a  chain 
slipped  around  the  piston  rod  with  its  other  end  wrapped 
around  the  bit  near  the  center  of  its  length.  The  hydraulic 
is  then  used  to  raise  the  drill  and  attached  bar,  until  bit 
overbalances.  As  it  thus  gradually  overturns  it  is  caught  by 
five  or  six  men  and  carried  by  hand  and  slipped  through  a 
near-by  window  into  the  house,  where  it  is  handled  by  black- 
smith and  helpers. 

Steel  is  tempered  till  file  will  not  touch. 

Holes  cleaned  by  J"  jet;  60.7  cu.ins.  of  water  needed  per 
cubic  inch  of  rock  cut  by  bit;  2970  cu.ins.  water  needed  per  jet 
per  cutting  minute. 


190  ROCK  DRILLING 

Water  supplied  by  Worthington  pump,  10X4X10,  No. 
193854,  4"  suction,  3"  discharge. 

Pump  speed,  47  strokes  per  minute. 

Water  pressure,  150  Ibs. 

A  2"  pipe  runs  full  length  of  boat,  and  has  a  connection 
near  its  center  to  the  pump.  Opposite  each  machine  a  small 
piece  of  pipe  runs  to  the  outside  of  the  boat  through  the  wall 
of  the  house.  A  ij"  flexible  hose,  wire- wound,  runs  some  20' 
to  a  6"  piece  of  pipe  that  is  connected  by  a  right  angle  to  a  f " 
pipe  about  12'  long,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  reducer,  plus  about 
10'  of  }''  pipe.  A  block  and  tackle  suspends  the  washout  appa- 
ratus at  the  top  of  the  frame  so  that  the  apparatus  is  easily  handled 
by  one  workman. 

Depth  of  hole,  12.5'  average. 

Diameter  of  hole,  4!"  steel  makes  about  a  5!"  hole,  4'' 
about  4!". 

Longitudinal  spacing,  5'. 

Lateral  spacing,  5'. 

Limestone  badly  broken  in  spots. 

Rock  has  about  iV  of  sand  on  top. 

Holes  shot,  396.  Two  drills  make  5  holes  to  a  range,  and 
two  make  4  holes  =18  holes.  As  a  rule  22  ranges  are  drilled, 
therefore  22  X 18  =  396. 

Pluto  powder  for  blasting,  60%. 

Sticks  of  powder  weigh  18  oz.  each,  size  8X2". 

Charge,  17  sticks  per  hole. 

Blaster  and  foreman  did  loading  and  blasting. 

Four  drills  on  boat. 

Scotch  marine  boiler. 

Pressure  at  boiler,  100  Ibs.  gauge. 

Length  of  feed  pipe,  60'  from  steam  chest  of  drill  to  main. 

Diameter  of  feed  pipe,  4"  main,  slide  2"  and  ij". 

Contract  reads  750  good  working  days. 

Length  of  shift,  1 1  hrs. 

Two  shifts.  The  tug  bringing  the  men  to  work  leaves  the 
dock  morning  and  evening  at  six  o'clock,  Eastern  standard  time. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  191 

Three  boats  must  be  visited;   at  each  leaving  a  crew  and  taking 
off  a  crew. 

4  drillers  at  $3.02^  =$12.10  per  shift 

4  helpers  at  2.42  =  9.68  " 

i  blaster  at  3.30  =  3.30  " 

i  foreman  at  4.65  12.8%=  4.65  " 

1  blacksmith  at  3.62  =  3.62  " 

2  blacksmiths' helpers  at  2.40  =  4.80  " 
i  fireman  at  2.75  =  2.75  " 


i  shift,  14  men,  total  =$40.90      " 

2  shifts,  28  men,  total  =  81.80       " 

Contract  price  was:  For  rock  $2.80  per  cubic  yard,  earth  50 
cents  per  cubic  yard. 

The  work  of  the  blacksmith  is  mainly  repointing  drill  bits  and 
welding  broken  ones.  The  points  of  the  bits  are  of  the  best 
hexagonal  tool  steel.  This  must  be  welded  to  the  shank  of  the 
bit.  Then  the  pointing  must  be  done.  To  assist  in  handling, 
the  steel,  wooden  horses  are  used  having  a  roller  on  top. 

Eight  tons  of  coal  are  used  in  24  hrs.  =  2000  Ibs.  per  drill 
per  shift. 

Use  55  gals,  of  drill  cylinder  oil  in  3  days  i  bbl.  of  cylinder 
oil  in  4  weeks  =  20  J  pints  per  drill  per  day  (i  shift). 

Coal  is  brought  alongside  in  a  bunker  with  a  chute  mounted  on  a 
scow  and  is  transferred  from  the  chute  to  the  drill-boat  as  follows: 
On  the  end  of  the  chute  there  is  a  framework  for  an  elevator  in 
which  a  box  or  skip  is  raised  and  lowered  by  means  of  a  cable, 
leading  back  to  a  dinkey  engine  on  the  stern  of  the  scow.  Start- 
ing with  the  skip  empty  on  the  deck  of  the  scow,  a  door  in 
the  chute  is  pulled  open  by  means  of  a  lever,  and  enough  coal 
is  run  out  to  fill  the  box.  Signal  is  then  given  and  the 
loaded  skip  is  hoisted  some  15'.  An  inclined  trough  leading 
into  the  bunker  has  in  the  meantime  been  prepared.  As  soon 
as  the  bottom  of  the  skip  is  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the 
inclined  trough,  that  end  facing  the  trough  falls  and  the  coal 


192  ROCK  DRILLING 

runs  out  into  the  bunker  of  the  drill-boat.  The  skip  is  then 
lowered  and  the  trap-end  automatically  closes.  All  the  Sullivan 
boats  have  the  same  method  of  getting  coal  that  the  Destroyer 
has.  Reference  will  therefore  be  made  to  the  Destroyer  in  the 
reports  on  the  other  two  boats  of  M.  Sullivan  Co.,  the  Dynamiter 
and  the  Exploder. 

The  cost  of  handling  is  not  included  in  the  cost  of  coal,  for 


FIG.  90. — Drill  and  Drill  Frame:   Drill  Boat  "  Destroyer." 

the  reason  that  the  company  owns  its  tugs.  The  cost  of  the 
coal  loaded  on  scows  at  the  dock  is  $3.15  per  ton,  and  the  cost 
of  handling  would  be  35  cts.  if  done  by  piecework  or  on  a  contract 
basis. 

No  figures  were  obtained  as  to  repairs,  as  no  record  was  kept. 
When  breaks  were  not  too  serious,  the  crew  on  board  made 
repairs.  When  they  were  very  bad  and  the  crew  could  not  make 
them,  the  spare  drill  was  set  up  and  the  old  one  boxed  and  sent  back 
to  the  factory.  Each  boat  of  the  Sullivan  fleet  has  two  foremen : 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  193 

a  day  foreman  at  12.8%  of  the  day  wages;  a  night  foreman  at 
11.7%  of  the  night  wages.  Besides  there  is  one  man  known  as 
the  walking  boss  who  has  charge  of  the  three  boats. 

After  their  day's  work  is  finished  the  men  are  taken  ashore, 
where  they  live  at  their  own  expense.  The  walking  boss  is 
given  quarters  on  board  one  of  the  Sullivan  dredges,  the  Old 
Glory. 

Lighting  is  furnished  by  a  small  dynamo  operated  by  a  4  H.P. 
engine. 

Interest  and  depreciation,  figured  at  2%  per  working  month, 
on  plant  valued  at  $40,000,  =  $15. 50  per  shift. 

Moving  the  boat  from  range  to  range  consumes  3%  of  the  total 
time,  costing  3%  of  the  shift's  wages  or  $1.23  per  shift  (day)  = 
$0.31  per  drill  per  day  (i  shift). 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  of  this  boat  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

Four  drills  and  equipment. 

Extra  bits. 

Four  spuds,  4  spud  engines,  6X8. 

Two  steam  capstans. 

One  boat,  33/Xuo/. 

One  Worthington  pump  for  hydraulic,  14X6X10. 

One  Worthington  pump  for  washout,  10X4X10. 

One  Scotch  marine  boiler,  100  Ibs.  (gauge-pressure). 

One  hydraulic  cylinder  for  moving  frames. 

One  dynamo  and  4  H.P.  engine. 

One  blower,  i  forge,  i  anvil,  i  bench,  i  vise,  i  cutter. 

One  powder  boat. 

Four  dry  cells. 

Three  switches. 

EXPLANATION  OF  TIME  STUDY.  The  five  headings  on  the  left 
are  the  logical  divisions  into  which  a  complete  drill  cycle  sepa- 
rates. The  minimum,  mean  and  maximum  periods  of  time 
consumed  in  each  of  these  operations  in  the  left-hand  column  is 
given  under  its  proper  heading.  The  entries  under  "Mean," 
"Max,"  •'Useful  Working  Time,"  need  the  following  explana- 
tion. Supposing  four  "Drill-cutting"  periods  for  four  holes 


191 


ROCK  DRILLING 


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SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


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196 


ROCK  DRILLING 


were  5,  3,  4,  and  10  min.  respectively.  The  5,  3,  4  being  close 
together  are  summed  5+3+4=12,  and  the  average  time  12-^3  =  4 
obtained;  10,  being  for  some  reason  too  high,  is  left  out  of 
the  average.  Still  this  10  represents  one  operation,  and  so  to 
take  due  account  of  it,  it  is  given  simply  the  weight  of  the  average, 
4.  The  total  "Useful  Working  Time"  is  then  5+3+4+4=16. 
The  difference  between  10  and  4  or  6  represents  the  "Excess 
over  Useful  Working  Time."  This  system  has  been  used  in 


FIG.  91.— Drill  Boat  "  Destroyer." 

this  Time  Study.  The  "Useful  Working  Time"  is  given  both  in 
minutes  and  seconds  and  in  percentage  of  the  total  time.  This 
is  true  also  of  the  "Excess  Time."  The  latter  is  classed  under 
Idle  Time,  in  the  same  columns  with  which  appear  the  time 
lost  in  the  operations  of  Waiting  for  Last  Hole,  Moving  Boat, 
and  Miscellaneous  Delays,  together  with  the  percentages  of  these 
to  the  total  time.  In  this  connection  may  be  mentioned  the  fact 
that  after  a  frame  has  drilled  its  required  number  of  holes  it 
must  be  idle  until  the  slowest  drill  on  the  boat  finishes  the  last 
hole  in  its  range. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


197 


During  an  observed  period  of  3219!!  drill  minutes,  31  holes 
at  i2^'  =  387J'  were  drilled.  Per  4-drill  minute  or  for  the- boat 
this  would  be  387 V  in  804.'  $8".  On  the  basis  of  an  n-hour 
day  =  660  minutes,  25  holes  would  be  put  down  during  a  shift 
^312^'.  The  spacing  of  the  holes  being  5'  each  way  and 
drilled  about  2\f  below  grade  the  cubic  yards  of  rock  loosened 

25X5/X5/XI0' 

27 

Based  on  the  above  performance  and  the  before-mentioned  sup- 
ply and  labor  costs,  and  taking  no  account  of  the  contractor's  over- 
head charges  or  profit,  preparatory  charges,  legal  expenses, 
insurance,  bond  and  charity  expenses,  the  following  costs  per 
lineal  foot  drilled  and  per  pay  yard  have  been  deduced: 

COSTS 


would  be 


=  232  cu.yds. 


Amt. 
Shift. 

1 

Per  Foot 
Drilled. 
Cents. 

Totals. 

Per  Pav 
Yard." 
Cents. 

3 
£ 

55* 

4  drillers                         at  3.02^  (i  i  hrs.)  =  $12.10 

4  driller's  helpers        at  $2.  42                    =    9.68 

6.96 

9.40 

•  

21.78 

i  blaster                          at  3.  30                    =    3.30 

2-54 

3-43 

i  foreman  (12.8%)       at  4.65           "       =    4.65 



7-95 

i  blacksmith                  at  3.  62                    =   3.62 

2  blacksmith's  helpers  at  2.42                     =    4.84 

2.71 

3-65 



8.46 

i  fireman                         at  2.  75                    =2.75 

2.75 

0.88 

1.19 

Total  



40.94 

.  

13  .09 



17.67 

Coal.  4  tons,  12  hrs.       at  3.  15                     =12.60 

12.60 

4.00 

5-44 

Oil    3.30    pts.    per   hole    =10.30    gal., 

1  1  hrs   at  40  cts   per  gal 

4.12 

T     7  r 

1.78 

60%  dynamite,  480  Ibs.,  n  hrs  at  12  cts  = 

57.60 

1  •  J  * 

18.30 

24.80 



74-32 



23.61 



32.02 

Total  for  312  5'  or  232  pay  yards                 .... 

TI5.26 

36.  70 

49.69 

Plant  $40,000,  interest  and  depreciation  2% 

per  working  month  

15-50 

4-93 

6.68 

The  average  cutting  speed  for  the  four  drills  was  0.233  lin.ft. 
per  cutting  minute  or  13.98'  per  drill  hour,  including  getting 
into  position,  etc. 

The  speed  per  minute  for  drill  No.  i  was  0.206',  while  that 
for  No.  4  was  0.232'  per  minute.  No.  2  was  the  upstream  drill  and 
it  would  naturally  be  expected  to  do  the  best  work,  inasmuch  as 


198  ROCK  DRILLING 

the  current  would  tend  to  wash  down  the  debris  from  the  upper 
holes  to  the  lower  ones,  thus  impeding  them.  But  here  the 
upstream  drill  made  the  poorest  showing  of  any.  It  not  only 
made  poor  time  itself,  but  it  held  up  the  other  three  drills  over 
3  hrs.  waiting  for  it  to  finish  its  last  hole.  The  explanation  for 
this  is  that  No.  i  was  working  on  a  face  left  shattered  and 
covered  with  debris  from  a  recent  blast.  The  holes  would  refill 
almost  as  quickly  as  drilled. 

The  average  ratio  of  cutting  time  to  total  time  for  the  four 
drills  was  0.5117,  and  the  ratio  of  idle  time  to  useful  working 
time  (cycle  time)  for  the  four  drills  was,  0.979. 

"DESTROYER."  The  following  performance  data  and  deduc- 
tions therefrom  are  based  upon  an  average  shift  performance: 

Shifts i 

Hours ii 

Number  of  holes 25 

Depth  of  holes,  feet 12  J 

Lineal  feet  drilled  per  shift. 312 J 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift 232 

Dynamite,  60% 479  Ibs.  =  287.4  Ibs.  nitroglycerin 

Coal,  tons 4 

Labor  per  shift $40.94 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hour 7.1 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hour 2.025 

Labor  per  foot  drilled 13.09  cts. 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  drill  hour 5.27 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  man  hour I-5°5 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock I7-^7  cts. 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift 2000  Ibs. 

Coal  per  foot  drilled,  in  pounds 25.6 

60%   dynamite  per  foot  drilled, 

gross 1.53  Ibs.;  nitroglycerin   0.92  Ib. 

60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay 

rock 2.06  Ibs. ;  nitroglycerin  1.24  Ibs. 

60%    dynamite    per    cubic    yard 

blasted 1.65  Ibs.;  nitroglycerin  0.99  Ib. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  199 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio,     ,.      — r—         — r    !-25 

cubic  yards  pay  rock 

Total  cost  drilling  and  loading  per  lineal  foot,  exclusive 

of  dynamite  and  interest  and  depreciation 18.40  cts. 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock,  exclusive  of 

interest  and  depreciation 49.69  cts. 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  including  interest 

and  depreciation 56.37  cts. 

"EXPLODER."  The  second  of  M.  Sullivan's  drill  boats  on 
the  Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit  River,  the  Exploder, 
represents  a  very  old  type  of  craft.  The  hull  of  this  boat  is 
composed  entirely  of  timber.  Her  construction  differs  but  slightly 
from  the  ordinary  type  of  wooden-decked  scows.  The  Exploder 
is  79'  long  and  27'  4"  beam.  The  house  is  12'  high  at  the 
front  end  and  somewhat  less  at  the  back,  43'  long  and  18'  wide. 
This  boat  is  also  provided  with  spuds  operated  by  small  double 
engines  with  6X10  cylinders.  These  spud  engines  on  the 
drill  side  of  the  boat  rest  on  the  deck,  while  on  the  other 
side  they  are  on  the  posts  that  form  the  guide  for  the  spuds. 
This  boat  spent  the  whole  winter  up  at  Alpena,  working  amid 
great  cakes  of  ice.  She  has  three  drill  frames. 

DRILL    DATA.      The    drills    are     Ingersoll- Sergeant     type. 

H-I5-9; 

Piston  diameter,  5^". 

Stroke,  8". 

Feed,  18'  about. 

U-chuck. 

Steam  pressure  100  Ibs.  gauge  at  boiler. 

Number  of  strokes,  about  300  per  minute. 
The  principle  on  which  the  drill  frame  is  moved  along  the  deck 
is  the  common  hydraulic.  The  hydraulic  cylinder  in  this  case 
is  9'  in  length.  The  tracks  on  which  the  frames  slide  are 
f  X3"  plate  laid  on  a  4X6"  sill  at  the  edge  of  the  deck  and  a 
45-lb.  standard  rail  for  the  rear  track.  For  holding  the  frame 
in  any  given  position  a  chain  passes  near  the  rear  of  the  frame. 
Each  machine  has  one  of  these  chains  that  is  fastened  at  the 


200 


ROCK  DRILLING 


ends  to  the  deck.  When  the  drill  is  in  its  desired  position  it  is 
held  there  by  snapping  a  clamp  into  a  convenient  link  of  the  chain 
and  thereby  fastened  securely  to  the  rear  part  of  the  frame. 

Steel  bits  have  4^"  and  4"  points. 

Point  is  made  of  black  diamond  steel. 

Length  of  steel,  37'  6". 

Circular  section  of  steel  2  and  2\"  in  diameter. 


FIG.  92.— Drill  Boat  "  Exploder." 

Steel  handled  by  hand  with  the  assistance  of  a  hook  hanging 
from  ceiling. 

Steel  tempered  hard  till  file  will  not  touch. 

Holes  cleaned  by  J"  water  jet. 

Worthington  pump  12X51X10"  supplies  water  for  jets. 

Speed  of  pump,  21  revs,  per  minute. 

Water  pressure,  300  Ibs. 

The  washout  water  comes  from  the  same  pump  as  does  the 
water  for  the  hydraulic  lift.  It  is  therefore  necessary  to  be 
careful  and  not  turn  the  washout  water  on  full  force. 

Holes  are  ioj'  deep. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  201 

Holes  have  diameter  of  4^  and  5!"  at  top,  but  decrease  in 
size  a  little  towards  the  bottom. 

Longitudinal  spacing,  5'. 

Lateral  spacing  of  holes,  5'. 

Material  drilled,  limestone. 

Rock  is  hard  in  spots.  Sand  on  top  of  rock  is  ij'  to  2'  in 
depth. 

Holes  shot  at  one  time  24X15  =  360,  i.e.,  24  ranges  of  15  holes 
each. 

Pluto  powder  used,  60%. 

Size  of  sticks  8X2",  weight  18  oz. 

Thirty-two  sticks  used  for  charging  one  hole. 

All  holes  are  shot  at  once.  Leads  run  up  from  the  last  two 
or  three  holes  loaded  and  when  these  are  touched  to  the  contact 
points  all  loaded  holes  go  off. 

Blasting  gang  consists  of  blaster  and  foreman. 

Three  drills  used  on  boat. 

Boiler  is  Scotch  marine,  12  X8'. 

Steam  pressure  at  boiler,  100  Ibs. 

Length  of  feed  pipe,  60'  from  main  to  drill. 

Contract  reads  750  good  working  days. 

Length  of  shift,  n  hrs. 

Two  shifts. 

Working  force  per  shift  is  as  follows: 
3  runners  at    $3.02^  =  $9.07^  per  shift 

3  helpers  at      2.42  —   7.26         " 

1  blacksmith  at      3.62  =3.62 

2  blacksmith's  helpers  at      2.42  =  4.84         " 
i  blaster                      at      3.30             =  3.30 

i  fireman  at      2.75  =   2.75 

i  foreman  at  $121.00  per  mo.  =  4.65         il 


Day  foreman  $121  per  mo.,  15.1%  day  wages..    $35.49^ 
Night  foreman  $110  per  mo.,  13.7%  night  wages     35.09^ 

Total,  both  shifts 70.59 

Contract  price  $2.80  per  yard  for  rock  and  50  cts.  for  earth. 
Smith's  work  is  keeping  the  drill  steel  in  shape. 


202 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Eight  tons  coal  used  in  24  hrs.  =  2666  Ibs.  per  drill  per  shift. 

Fifty-five  gals,  of  drill  cylinder  oil  used  in  one  week,  lubricating 
oil,  5  gals,  a  week  =  13 J  pts.  per  drill  per  shift. 

Coal  is  handled  by  the  company's  equipment  and  no  cost 
added  for  this  work.  The  manner  of  handling  is  described  in 
report  on  the  Destroyer. 

Coal  costs  $3.15  per  ton.  The  cost  would  be  35  cts.  per  ton 
more  if  company  did  not  operate  their  own  tugs. 


FIG.  93. — Drill  Boat  "  Exploder." 

Repairs  were  not  kept  track  of,  the  crew  making  them  when 
necessary.  Two  extra  machines  kept  on  hand. 

Each  boat  of  the  Sullivan  fleet  has  two  foremen.  There 
is  also  one  man  known  as  the  walking  boss  who  has  charge  of 
the  three  boats. 

Quarters  for  crew  were  ashore,  and  were  paid  for  by  them- 
selves. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant,  valued  at  $25,000,  at  2% 
per  working  month,  =  $9.60  per  shift. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


203 


Moving  boat  from  range  to  range,  3.6%  time,  costing 
3.6%  of  day's  wages  or  $1.28  per  shift,  =$0.43  per  drill-per 
shift. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  of  this  boat  fol- 
lows: 

One  wooden  boat,  79^27'  4". 

Three  drills  and  equipments. 

Eleven  bits. 

Four  spuds. 

Four  spud  engines,  6  X 10". 

One  steam  windlass. 

Two  hand  windlasses. 

One  boiler,  8  X 10'. 

One  force  pump,  Worthington,  12X53X10." 

One  blower. 

One  engine  for  blower,  6X8". 

One  forge. 

One  anvil. 

One  bench. 

One  pipe  clamp. 

One  hydraulic  to  move  frame,  9'  long. 

One  Penberthy  injector. 

One  small  dynamo  for  lighting,  with  engine. 

One  powder  boat. 

One  cutter. 

The  only  record  of  performance  obtainable  on  this  boat  was 
for  one  shift  for  a  period  of  one  week.  It  is  as  follows : 


Date. 

No.  of  Holes. 

Depth. 

Powder. 

Hours. 

August  27    IQOQ 

4O 

eW 

i76olbs.  60% 

II 

AuffUSt  28     IQOQ             -  • 

47 

SI7' 

1690 

1  1 

August  ^o,  IQOQ  

44 

484' 

isSo 

II 

Ausust  ti   IOOQ 

•jt; 

38s' 

1260 

II 

September  i,  1909  
September  2,  1909  

46 

3r 

506' 
34i' 

1660 

II2O 

II 
ir 

Total  

2S2 

2772' 

9070           " 

66 

Average  per  shift  

42 

462' 

1512           «f 

ii 

204 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  94.— Handling  Steels  on  Drill  Boat  "  Exploder." 

On  a  daily  basis  the  cost  would  be  as  follows : 

COSTS 


Force. 

Rate 

Standard. 

Cost. 

Cost  per  Foot 
in  Cents. 

Cost  per  Pay 
Yard  in  Cents 

•2  drillers 

*3.02| 

2.42 

3.62 

2.42 

3-3° 
2-75 
4-65 

$9.07 
7.26 
3.62 
4.84 
3-3° 
2-75 
4-65 

1.96 

*-57 
0.79 

i-°5 
0.72 
0.60 

1.  01 

2.92 

2.34 
I.I7 
I.S6 
1.  06 
0.89 
1-50 

•7  heloers 

i  blacksmith 

2  blacksmith's  helpers.  .  . 
i  blaster 

i  fireman         

Total 

35-49 

181.56 
12.60 

2.00 

7.70 

39-20 

2-73 
0.44 

11.44 

58.20 
4-05 
0.65 

60%  dynamite,  15  13  Ibs.  < 
Coal  4  tons  at  "?  1  5 

it  12  CtS 

Oil   ^  gallons  at  40  cts 

Total  

231-65 
9.60 

50.07 
2.08 

74-34 
3.08 

Plant  $25,000,  interest  and    deprecia- 
tion at  2%  per  working  month  

SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  205 

Pay  yardage  is  based  on  the  following:  n'  holes,  less  3'  drilled 
below  grade,  equals  8'  pay  drilling.  Spacing  of  holes,  5'  X$L 

5'X5/X8'X42 
—=311  pay  yards  per  day. 

In  the  above  tabulation  of  costs,  no  account  has  been  taken 
of  contractor's  overhead  charges  or  profit,  cost  of  getting  plant 
into  commission  in  the  spring,  and  cleaning  up  in  the  fall, 
storing  equipment  during  winter,  legal  expenses,  insurance  or 
charity,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  average  performance 
data  with  deductions  therefrom: 

Shifts 6 

Hours 66 

Number  of  holes 252 

Depth  of  holes 1 i' 

Lineal  feet  drilled 2772 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock 1866 

Dynamite,  60% 9070  Ibs.;  nitroglycerin,  5442  Ibs. 

Coal,  tons 24 

Labor,  per  shift $35-49 

Lineal  feet  per  shift 462 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hour 14 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hour 3.5 

Labor  per  foot  drilled,  in  cents 7.70 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  shift 311 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  drill  hour 9.45 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  foot  drilled 0-675 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  in  cents n-44 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift,  in  pounds 2666 

Coal  per  foot  drilled,  in  pounds 17.3 

60%     dynamite,    per     foot 

drilled Gross  3.27  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.962 

60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard 

pay  rock Gross  4.86  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  2.91 

60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard 

blasted Gross  3.53  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  2.118 


206 


ROCK  DRILLING 


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SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  209 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio  — r^ j r =  i-37 

cubic  yards  pay  rock 

Total  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  exclusive  of  dynamite, 

interest  and  depreciation 10.87  cts- 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  exclusive  of  interest 

and  depreciation 74-34  ' l 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  including  interest  and 

depreciation 77-42  ' ' 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  blasted,  including  interest  and 

depreciation 56.40  * ' 

"  DYNAMITER  ":  the  Dynamiter  is  the  third  of  Mr.  Sullivan's 
boats  on  the  Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit  River.  The 
work  on  which  it  is  engaged  is  in  the  east  100'  of  section  No.  3 
of  the  new  government  channel  between  Bois  Blanc  Island  and 
Sugar  Island.  The  hull  is  6fX2$¥  and  the  house  over  her  is 
5o'Xi6'  io"Xi2'  i"  high.  The  boat  is  so  short  that  in  order 
to  handle  the  drill  irons  easily,  an  extension  has  to  be  run  out  10' 
on  one  end,  and  the  railing  on  this  extension  furnishes  a  means 
of  support  for  the  drill  steel  when  being  worked  by  the  smiths. 

One  very  bad  feature  of  this  old  boat  is  that  the  boiler 
is  placed  below  decks,  and  the  fireman  has  to  climb  down  a 
ladder  in  order  to  get  to  the  doors.  This  makes  firing  on  this 
boat  very  hot  for  the  stoker. 

DRILL  DATA:  The  drills  are  11-15-9  Ingersoll- Sergeant.  No. 
i  drill  was  put  on  in  July,  1908.  The  other  two  were  put  on  nine 
years  ago.  Of  course  the  cylinders  now  on  these  drills  are  not 
the  original  ones,  but  in  all  other  respects  they  are  just  as  they 
were  nine  years  ago. 

Diameter  of  piston,  5^". 

Stroke  8",  but  do  not  get  that  much. 

Feed  18'  lift. 

U  chuck. 

Steam  pressure  90  Ibs.,  gauge  at  boiler. 

300  strokes  per  minute. 

Hydraulic  lift  and  device  for  moving  along  deck  very  similar 
to  those  of  Exploder,  which  have  been  described  heretofore. 


210  ROCK  DRILLING 

Diameter  of  starting  bit,  4". 

Length  of  steel,  36'. 

Circular  section  of  steel,  2" '. 

Steel  handled  by  hand. 

Steel  tempered  till  file  will  not  touch. 

Jet  used  for  cleaning  holes,  J". 

Worthington pump,  12X5^X10,  supplies  water  for  jets. 

Speed  of  pump  variable. 


FIG.  95. — Drill  Boat  "  Dynamiter." 

Water  pressure,  250-300  Ibs. 

Holes  n'  deep. 

Holes  are  4-J"  diameter  near  top,  but  decrease  downward. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,  5'. 

Lateral  spacing,  5'. 

Rock,  limestone. 

Rock  fairly  clean,  but  broken  near  edges  of  cut. 

Holes  shot  12X23  =  276;  23  ranges  at  12  each  range. 

Pluto  powder  used,  60%. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  211 

Size  of  sticks,  8"X2",  weight  18  oz. 

Thirty-two  sticks  used  for  charging  one  hole. 

Blasting  gang  consists  of  blaster  and  foreman. 

Three  drills  making  four  holes  each  to  a  range. 

Scotch  marine  boiler,  9'X6'. 

Steam  pressure  of  boiler,  90  Ibs.  gauge. 

Contract  reads  750  good  working  days. 

Length  of  shift,  n  hours. 

Two  shifts. 

Crew  of  boat  is  as  follows: 


3  runners at  $3. 02^=^9. 07$  per  shift 

3  helpers at  2.42  =   7.26  " 

1  smith at  3.62  =  3.62  " 

2  smiths' helpers at  2.42  =   4.84  " 

i  blaster at  3.30  =  3.30 

i  fireman at  2.75  =   2.75  " 

i  foreman,  per  month at  $121.00  =   4.65  " 


Total,  per  day  shift $35 .49^ 

Total,  per  night  shift 35 .09^ 


Total,      $70 . 5  9  both  shifts 

Contracts  read,  $2.80  per  yard  for  rock  and  50  cts.  for 
earth. 

Smith's  work  is  taking  care  of  drill  and  steel. 

Nine  tons  of  coal  used  in  24  hours  =  3,000  Ibs.  per  drill  per 
shift.  The  price  of  coal  per  ton  is  $3.15. 

Coal  is  handled  by  the  company's  equipment  and  no  cost  added 
for  this  work.  The  manner  of  handling  is  described  in  the  report 
on  the  Destroyer. 

Fifty-five  gal.  of  oil  (drill  cylinder)  used  in  2  weeks  =  6  pints  per 
drill  per  shift. 

Repairs  are  made  by  foreman  and  crew  when  possible.  No 
account  is  kept  of  them,  nor  of  lost  time,  because  as  long  as  one 
drill  is  working  the  whole  boat  is  considered  to  be  working.  One 
extra  drill  is  kept  on  hand. 


212 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Each  boat  of  the  Sullivan  fleet  has  two  foremen;  a  day  fore- 
man at  15.1%  of  the  day  wages  and  a  night  foreman  at  13.7% 
of  the  night  wages.  Besides  there  is  one  man  known  as  the 
walking  boss  who  has  charge  of  the  three  boats. 

Quarters  of  men  on  shore,  of  the  walking  boss,  on  dredge. 

NOTE. — The  charging  tube  on  this  boat  is  similar  to  those  on 
the  other  boats,  and  a  description  here  will  apply  to  the  other 
two  Sullivan  boats.  The  part  into  which  the  sticks  of  powder 
are  inserted  is  12'  long,  made  of  split  2"  piping.  This  terminates 
at  its  upper  end  in  12'  of  ij"  piping.  There  is  a  ring  attached 


FIG.  96. — Drill  Boat  "  Dynamiter." 

to  this  last  section  to  which  a  block  and  tackle  is  secured  that 
passes  over  the  top  of  the  frame  and  has  one  rope  coming  down 
to  the  deck  for  operating.  Through  the  pipes  runs  a  wooden  stick 
25'  long  by  f".  It  is  used  for  ramming  the  powder  out  of  the 
charger  and  into  the  hole.  When  not  in  use  this  stick  is  pulled 
up  about  half  way  and  a  wedge  put  in  to  hold  it.  The  process 
of  loading  the  hole  and  shooting  is  as  follows,  and  applies  to  all 
this  company's  boats:  First,  the  hole  is  thoroughly  cleaned. 
After  this  the  blaster  is  called  and  comes  with  the  proper  number 
of  sticks  for  the  hole.  The  charging  pipe  being  unslung  the 
blaster  inserts  a  stick  of  powder  into  it,  restraining  it  from  falling 
out  by  his  hand.  He  then  puts  the  second  stick  against  the 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  213 

bottom  of  the  first  and  shoves  them  both  up  into  the  pipe.  This 
process  is  repeated  until  the  charger  is  full,  all  but  one  stick. 
This  last  stick  has  a  piece  of  wire  or  rope  around  it  or  a  small 
wedge  is  inserted  to  keep  the  sticks  from  falling.  The  charger 
being  full,  it  is  lowered  into  the  cleaned  hole  and  two  men  release 
the  wooden  stick  and  force  it  down  on  top  of  the  sticks  of  powder, 
the  other  two  pulling  upward  on  the  pipe  with  a  jerky  motion. 
The  result  is  that  the  sticks  of  powder  are  rammed  tightly  down 
into  the  hole.  On  these  boats  two  chargerfuls  are  jammed 
into  each  hole,  and  so  the  above  process  has  to  be  repeated.  When 
the  hole  is  fully  loaded  the  charger  is  hoisted  out  of  the  way  by  its 
tackle,  the  wooden  stick  having  first  been  wedged  in  its  proper 
place.  In  case  the  powder  gets  jammed,  due  to  loose  rock  falling 
into  the  hole,  the  hole  is  said  to  be  lost,  meaning  that  it  can  not 
be  loaded.  In  such  a  case,  if  possible,  the  powder  is  withdrawn 
and  the  hole  redrilled.  If,  for  instance,  the  first  tubeful  has  been 
safely  gotten  in  and  the  second  one  jams,  or  if  part  of  the  powder 
in  the  first  has  been  gotten  in  and  the  rest  gets  jammed,  a  new 
hole  has  to  be  dug,  since  obviously  it  would  not  be  safe  to  redrill 
with  any  powder  in  the  old  hole. 

The  wires  of  the  last  two  or  three  of  the  total  number  of  holes 
being  loaded,  instead  of  being  tied  around  the  last  stick  to  hold  it 
in  place  while  loading,  are  spliced  to  the  ends  of  the  two  fuse 
wires,  and  the  fuse  inserted  in  the  powder  in  the  usual  way. 
These  last  holes  have  a  fuse  in  the  last  stick  of  each  hole  so  that 
if  in  the  subsequent  maneuvring  one  set  gets  lost  the  others  may 
be  used.  When  a  boat  is  ready  to  shoot,  proper  signals  are 
given  and  boats  in  the  danger  zone  stop  work  and  move  away. 
This  moving  is  generally  accomplished  by  pulling  in  on  an 
anchor  line.  The  wires  attached  to  the  fuses  are  kept  carefully 
clear  until  all  is  ready  and  then  they  are  set  off  by  a  blasting 
box.  When  one  hole  is  thus  shot,  the  rest  are  thereby  set  off. 
After  a  large  blast  the  boat  is  sometimes  drawn  back  into  position 
by  a  tug. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  the  plant  valued  at  $20,000  at  2% 
per  working  month  =  $8  per  shift. 

Moving  the  boat  from  range  to  range  usually  requires  3.6%  of 


214 


ROCK  DRILLING 


the  observed  time,  on  which  basis  the  cost  per  day  shift  would  be 
$1.28  =  $0.43  per  drill  per  shift. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  of  this  boat  follows : 

One  boat,  67^X25  J'. 

Two  spud  anchors. 

Two  spud  engines  6'VX8". 

One  blower. 

One  small  4"X6"  engine  for  blower. 

Three  drills  and  outfits. 

Eleven  bits. 

One  forge. 

One  bench. 

One  pipe  clamp. 

One  anvil. 

One  small  dynamo  and  engine. 

One  boiler  9'X6',  Scotch  marine. 

One  hydraulic  cylinder,  10'  long. 

One  force  pump,  Worthington,  12X5^X10". 

One  powder  boat. 

One  cutter. 

The  only  obtainable  record  of  performance  on  the  "  Dynamiter  " 
was  for  one  shift  per  day  of  n  hours,  the  total  covering  a  period 
of  one  week.  It  is  as  follows : 


Date. 

No.  of  Holes. 

Av.  Depth, 
1  1  feet. 

Powder,  Ibs. 
60%. 

Hours. 

August  27,  1909  
August  28   IOOQ.  . 

40 
38 

440 
418 

1440 
I37O 

II 
II 

AU2USt   3O     IOOO 

7cr 

T.&C 

1260 

1  1 

August  31    IOOQ.  . 

26 

286 

0^6 

II 

September  i,  1909  
September  2,  1909  

Total        

37 

22 
198 

407 
242 

2178 

I33° 
792 

7128 

II 
II 

66 

Average  per  shift  .  .  . 

33 

363 

1188 

ii 

On  a  daily  basis  the  cost  would  be  as  follows : 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


215 


COSTS 


Force. 

Rate 
Standard. 

Cost. 

Cost  per  Foot 
in  Cents. 

Cost  per  Pay 
Yard  in  Cents 

3  drillers  .  . 

$3.02j 

2.42 
3.62 
2.42 
3-3° 

2-75 
4-65  15-1% 

$9.07 
7.26 
3.62 
4.84 
3-3° 
2-75 
4-65 

35-49 
142.56 
14.17 
0.91 

2.50 
2.OO 
I.  00 

i-33 
0.91 
0.76 
1.28 

3-71 
2.98 
1.48 
I.98 
!-35 
I-I3 
1.91 

14-54 
58.40 
5.81 
0-37 

helpers  

blacksmith 

blacksmith's  helpers.  .  . 
blaster 

fireman  

foreman  

Total  

9.78 
39-30 
3-90 
0.25 

60%  dynamite,  1188  pounds  at  12  cts.  . 
Coal   4-3-  tons  at  3  is  . 

Oil,  2.29  gallons,  at  0.40. 
Total 

I93-I3 
8.00 

53-23 

2.21 

79.12 
3-29 

Plant  $20,000.     Int.  and  dep.  2%  per 
working  month  . 

The  pay  yardage  is  based  on  the  following : 

n'  hole  less  3'  drilled  below  grade  equals  8'  pay  drilling. 

Spacing  of  holes  5  X  5'. 

5X5X8X33  =  6600  cu.ft.  =  244  pay  yards  per  day. 

In  the  above  tabulation  of  costs,  no  account  has  been  taken 
of  contractors'  overhead  charges  or  profits,  getting  plant  into 
commission  in  the  spring,  cleaning  up  in  the  fall,  storing  in  winter, 
insurance,  bonds,  legal  expenses,  medical,  charities,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  average  performance 
data  with  deductions  therefrom: 

Shifts 6 

Hours 66 

Number  of  holes 198 

Depth  of  holes 1 1' 

Lineal  feet  drilled 2178 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock 1464 

Dynamite,  60%,  7128  Ibs.  =4276.8  Ibs.  nitroglycerin 

Coal,  tons 27 

Labor,  per  shift $35-49 


216  ROCK  DRILLING 

Lineal  feet  per  shift 363 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hour 1 1 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hour. 2.74 

Labor  per  ft.  drilled,  in  cents 9.78 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift 244 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hour 7.4 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  lineal  foot  drilled 672 

Labor  per  cu.  yd.  of  pay  rock,  in  cents 14-54 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift,  in  pounds 3000 

Coal  per  foot  drilled,  in  pounds 24.8 

60%  dynamite  per  foot  drilled,  Gross,  3.27  Ibs. 

nitroglycerin,  1.962  Ibs. 
60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  Gross,  4.87  Ibs. 

nitroglycerin,    2.92  Ibs. 
60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted,    Gross,  3.54  Ibs., 

nitroglycerin,    2. 12  Ibs. 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio  —r. -r—        — r=  i-37 

cubic  yards  pay  rock 

Total  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  exclusive  of  dynamite, 

interest  and  depreciation,  cents I3-93 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  exclusive  of  interest 

and  depreciation,  cents 79. 12 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  including  interest 

and  depreciation,  cents 82.41 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  blasted,  including  interest  and 

depreciation 59.9 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


217 


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<D 

CHAPTER  XI 
SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  (Continued) 

THAT  portion  of  the  Detroit  River  Channel  Improvement 
known  as  the  Livingstone  Channel  was  divided  into  four  con- 
tracts. The  contract  for  section  No.  3  was  taken  by  O.  E. 
D unbar  and  T.  B.  McNaughton,  and  was  sublet  in  three  equal 
sections  to  Dunbar  &  Sullivan,  Buffalo  Dredging  Company, 
and  M.  Sullivan.  These  sections  for  the  sub-contract  each  include 
100'  of  the  300'  channel  and  extend  the  full  length  of  the  section. 
Dunbar  &  Sullivan  have  the  sub-contract  for  the  excavation  of 
the  middle  100'.  They  have  on  the  work  two  drill  boats,  the 
"Earthquake"  and  the  "Hurricane." 

"  EARTHQUAKE."  The  "  Earthquake  "  is  a  steel  boat  with  a 
wooden  house,  length  106',  breath  30',  and  depth  5'  9".  The 
house  is  89X19X13'  in  height,  sloping  down  to  12'  at  the  back. 
The  steel  hull  has  a  wooden  deck  of  2"  planking.  The  interior 
of  the  hull  is  divided  into  four  compartments  by  three  transverse 
bulkheads.  One  of  these  compartments  is  28'  long  and  the 
other  three  25'  long.  These  four  water-tight  compartments  are 
each  divided  by  three  longitudinal  bulkheads  into  four  sections 
7J'  wide.  The  method  of  framing  the  steel  work  together  is  by 
standard  angles  and  bracket  plates.  The  floor  angles  are 
3i  x  3  x  I"  and  they  extend  across  the  boat  continuously.  At  the 
sides  of  the  boat  they  are  joined  by  bracket  plates  to  3^X3X1" 
angles,  which  latter  are  a  support  for  two  longitudinal  6X8" 
stringers  running  the  length  of  the  boat,  one  on  each  side. 
Where  the  floor  angles  pass  through  the  longitudinal  bulkheads, 
33X3"  angles  extend  up  the  buklhead  vertically  and  connect 
at  the  bottom  with  the  floor  angles  and  at  the  top  with  the  stringer 
angles  running  lengthwise  of  the  boat.  49"  from  each  side  of 
the  boat  is  a  wooden  stringer  6X4"  to  help  support  the  deck, 

220 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


221 


FIG.  97. — Drill  Boat  "  Earthquake." 


FIG.  98.— The  "  Earthquake  "  in  the  Foreground. 


222  ROCK  DRILLING 

which  is  supported  by  vertical   angles  4X3",   spaced  8'  apart, 
these  being  secured  to  the  floor  angles  at  their  lower  end. 

In  connection  with  the  hull  there  is  a  steel  tank  about  7X21X3' 
into  which  the  exhaust  water  from  the  hydraulic  lifts  runs.  This 
is  used  in  winter,  and  the  water  so  returned  is  heated  by  the  exhaust 
from  the  pony  feed  pump  and  pumped  back  into  the  lifts  again, 
thus  keeping  the  machines  thawed  out.  In  the  summer  the  tank 
connects  with  the  river  so  that  cool  water  is  used  in  the  lift. 

Boiler.  The  boiler  in  this  boat  is  a  "Doghouse"  Redwood. 
It  has  three  possible  ways  of  feed,  (i)  injector,  (2)  washout  water 
pump,  (3)  regular  boiler  feed  pump.  At  the  back  of  the  boiler 
is  a  feed- water  heater,  a  tank  about  4'  deep  and  3'  in  diameter, 
into  which  passes  the  exhaust  steam  from  the  washout  pump 
and  the  hydraulic  lift  pump. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  factors  observed  in  the  operation 
of  the  boat  and  drills : 

Ingersoll-Rand,  H  61  drill. 

Diameter  of  piston,  5^". 

Stroke,  6J". 

Drill  feed,  19',  more  or  less. 

U-chuck. 

Steam  pressure,  no  Ibs.  at  boiler. 

Speed  of  drill,  300  strokes  per  minute. 

The  drills  are  raised  by  the  usual  hydraulic  lift.  The  method 
of  moving  along  the  deck  is  by  means  of  a  chain  and  a  double- 
acting  hydraulic  cylinder.  This  hydraulic  cylinder  is  n'  long 
and  12"  in  diameter.  There  is  a  6"X8"  sill  having  a  4Xf" 
plate  on  top  that  runs  along  the  edge  of  the  boat  on  which  the 
front  part  of  the  frame  slides.  The  rear  part  of  the  frame  bears 
on  a  block  of  wood  6X8",  which  slides  on  a  similar  bar  of  steel 
fastened  to  the  wooden  deck.  The  frame  is  locked  after  mov- 
ing by  means  of  a  hook  on  the  rear  part  of  the  frame  that  snaps 
into  eyebolts  screwed  into  the  deck.  These  eyebolts  are  spaced 
5'  between  centers. 

Diameter  of  starting  bit  is  3^". 

Plus  point,  +. 

Length  of  steel,  34'  7". 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  223 

Section  of  steel,  circular,  size,  if". 

Handled  by  hand. 

Tempered  till  file 'will  not  touch. 

One-half  inch  jet  cleans  holes. 

Worthington  pump  supplies  jets. 

Speed  of  pump,  17  R.P.M. 

Water  pressure,  200  Ibs. 

Connections,  size  and  description:  From  3"  main  within  the 
house  various  connections  lead  to  a  i"  hose  about  30'  long. 
This  is  attached  by  means  of  a  nipple  and  elbow  to  a  }"  pipe 
15'  long  which  connects  with  the  same  length  of  J"  pipe.  This 
last  section  forms  the  end  of  the  jet.  The  hoisting  arrangement 
is  attached  at  the  elbow  of  the  upper  end  of  the  f  "  pipe. 

Depth  of  holes,  about  14'. 

Diameter,  3!"  at  top. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,  5'. 

Lateral  spacing,  5'. 

Material  drilled,  limestone. 

First  row  of  holes  which  overlaps  old  blast  is  bad  digging. 

Number  of  holes  shot  per  blast,  249,  or  12  rows  of  20  to 
21  each. 

Powder,  60%,  made  by  the  contractor  and  called  Pluto  in  the 
market.  A  50%  saving  is  said  to  result  from  this  home  manu- 
facture. 

Sticks  are  15^X1!"  and  weigh  ij  Ibs. 

Twenty  sticks  loaded  in  each  hole. 

Foreman,  blaster,  runner  and  helper  do  the  loading. 

Four  drills  make  up  drill  outfit. 

Doghouse  Redwood  Boiler,  7^X12^'. 

Feed  pipe  about  75'  from  drill  feed  to  main. 

Connection  from  a  3"  main  within  the  house  runs  under  the 
drill  frame  to  a  2"  pipe,  which  runs  half  way  up  the  frame.  A 
ITI"  pipe  slides  inside  of  this  2"  section  and  connects  with  the 
steam  chest  of  the  drill. 

Length  of  job,  750  good  working  days. 

Eleven  hour  shift. 

Two  shifts. 


224  ROCK  DRILLING 

Contract  price,  $2.80  per  yard  for  rock  and  50  cts.  per  yard 
for  earth. 

Blacksmith  repairs  drill  bits,  makes  welds  on  broken  bits 
and  all  repairs. 

Twelve  tons  of  coal  used  in  24  hours  =  3000  Ibs.  per  drill  per 
shift. 

Fifty-five  gallons  of  oil  used  in  two  weeks  on  drill  cylinder 
=4.6  pints  per  drill  per  shift. 

Coal  is  loaded  on  the  deck  of  a  scow  at  the  Amherstburg  coal 
dock  and  towed  out  by  the  company's  tug  to  the  boats,  where 
it  is  shovelled  by  hand  into  the  coal  bunker. 

Coal  costs  $3.15  per  ton. 

The  cost  of  handling  if  the  company  did  not  own  the  tug 
would  be  35  cts.  per  ton. 

There  is  one  walking  boss  to  oversee  both  boats,  also  one 
foreman  on  each  boat.  Day  foreman  at  12.8%  of  day  wages; 
night  foreman  at.  11.7%  of  night  wages. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant  valued  at  $45,000  at  2% 
per  working  month  =  $17. 7 5  per  shift  (day  and  night  =  $3 5. 50). 

Moving  boat  consumes  3!%  of  total  time,  costing  3^%  of  wages 
per  shift  =  $1.33  per  day  shift  =  $0.33  per  drill  per  shift. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipnent  of  this  boat  is  as  follows: 

One  boat,  io6/X3o'X5/  9",  built  in  1904. 

One  cutter. 

One  powder  boat. 

Four  drills  and  equipment. 

Four  spud  anchors. 

Four  spud  anchor  engines. 

Two  steam  capstans. 

Seventeen  bits. 

One  hydraulic  cylinder  for  shifting  drills,  n'  long  X  12" 
diameter. 

One  Doghouse  boiler,  12^X7^'. 

One  feed- water  heater. 

One  injector. 

One  small  engine  for  boiler  feed. 

One.  small  Worthington  pump  for  washout  water. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  225 

One  Worthington  pump  for  the  hydraulic  lift,  10X7X10". 

One  anvil,  one  forge,  one  bench. 

One  vise  and  pipe  clamp. 

One  blower  and  blower  engine,  small. 

One  dynamo  for  lights,  with  a  small  engine. 

One  tank  for  heating  feed  water  for  hydraulic  lift,  7X21X3'. 

The  Sand  Pipe.  To  facilitate  drilling  operations  on  the  two 
Dunbar  boats  a  device  locally  known  as  the  sand  pipe  is  used. 
It  has  three  important  functions:  (i)  It  serves  as  a  guide  to  the 
bit  in  starting  a  new  hole;  (2)  it  serves  as  a  guide  and  protec- 
tion to  the  charging  tube;  (3)  it  prevents  sand  from  getting  into 
the  hole  when  the  sand  pipe  has  once  been  freed  from  sand  by  the 
washout  jet. 

The  sand  pipe  is  in  itself  really  a  large  cast-iron  funnel,  being 


Casting 


Sand  Pipe 


FIG. 


some  1 8"  across  the  top  and  having  a  spigot  about  4'  in  length. 
The  sand  pipe  rests  in  position  in  a  casting  of  the  above  shape. 
This  casting  is  fastened  at  its  ends  by  rivets  to  the  ends  of  two 
tees  that  furnish  a  means  of  raising  and  lowering  the  sand 
pipe.  Each  of  these  tees  passes  upward  and  is  free  to  slide 
through  brackets  attached  at  intervals  to  the  side  of  the  vertical 
frame  of  the  drill.  A  small  cable  is  attached  to  the  upper  end 
of  each  tee  that  passes  upward  over  a  sheave  on  top  of  the  frame 
and  downward,  terminating  in  a  box  of  counterweights.  This 
box  of  weights  is  provided  with  small  wheels  on  its  under  side 
so  that  it  may  move  more  easily  over  the  inclined  bracing  of  the 
frame  upon  which  it  bears.  To  the  end  of  this  weight  box  a 
rope  is  fastened  which  leads  down  to  the  deck.  To  raise  the  sand 
pipe  and  its  supporting  casting  and  tees,  a  chain  is  passed  around 
the  chuck  of  the  drill  and  one  of  the  tees.  The  usual  hydraulic 
lift  then  raises  both  drill  and  sand  pipe.  The  lowering  is 


226 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  100. — Throttle  of  Hydraulic:  "Earthquake." 


FIG.  101. — Spud  Engine  on  "  Earthquake.' 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  227 

accomplished  by  means  of  the  rope  on  the  end  of  the  box  of 
counterweights.  In  operation,  the  sand  pipe  is  lowered  first 
of  all  over  the  place  where  a  new  hole  is  to  be  drilled,  and 
it  is  the  last  thing  raised  after  loading  before  moving  to  the  next 
hole. 

The  advantages  derived  from  the  use  of  the  sand  pipe  are  as 
follows:  Ordinarily  the  drill  bit  is  practically  unsupported  for 
its  full  length,  and  when  the  rock  is  very  hard,  it  is  difficult  to 
start  a  hole.  The  end  of  the  bit  bounds  around  in  all  direc- 
tions, destroys  its  point,  bends  it  and  sometimes  necessitates  the 
changing  of  the  bit  before  the  hole  is  actually  started.  The  sand 
pipe  eliminates  this  because  it  is  allowed  to  slide  down  into 
the  water  before  a  hole  is  started.  The  end  of  the  "  funnel  " 
comes  in  contact  with  the  overlying  sand  and  by  its  own  weight 
soon  works  its  way  to  the  solid  rock.  Thus  the  drill  steel 
which  is  now  let  down  has  a  support  and  a  sleeve  to  work  in  a 
distance  below  the  surface  of  the  water  equal  to  the  depth  of  the 
water  and  sand.  The  clearance  between  the  steel  and  "  funnel  " 
should  be  about  •§-",  but  it  is  generally  a  little  more.  If  the 
sand  is  deeper  than  the  spigot  of  the  funnel,  the  end  of  the 
sand  pipe  will  of  course  not  rest  on  the  rock.  But  as  far 
as  forming  a  guide  for  the  steel  is  concerned,  it  answers  every 
purpose.  There  is  one  complication  introduced  when  the  hole 
to  be  drilled  is  very  deep,  and  the  top  of  the  rock  is  near  the 
surface  of  the  water.  The  sand  pipe  cannot  of  course,  be  let 
down  lower  than  the  surface  of  the  rock;  the  "  lift "  of  the 
hydraulic  is  limited,  and  so  for  holes  deeper  than  13'  (on  the 
Earthquake)  the  end  of  the  bit  would  not  be  clear  of  the  sand  pipe 
when  the  "  hydraulic  "  had  raised  it  as  high  as  it  could.  Hence 
in  order  to  charge  the  hole  the  drill  has  to  be  disconnected  from 
its  steel  and  the  steel  has  to  be  raised  out  of  the  "  pipe  "  by  means 
of  a  chain  fastened  to  it  and  the  piston  rod.  This  has  to  be 
done  for  each  hole  of  greater  depth  than  13',  but  where  the  rock 
is  very  hard,  it  more  than  pays  for  the  trouble  in  avoiding  the 
delays  arising  from  changing  the  steel  several  times  in  order  to  get 
a  hole  started,  and  also  in  the  smith's  work  saved. 

Again,  after  a  bit  has  once  started  a  hole,  the  complete  drilling 


228 


ROCK  DRILLING 


is  generally  accomplished  without  interruption.  But  if  there 
is  no  sand  pipe,  as  soon  as  the  steel  is  raised,  the  small  loose 
stones  and  sand  tumble  down  into  the  hole  and  the  drill  has 
harder  work  the  second  time  than  the  first.  On  one  of  the 
Sullivan  boats  a  bit  caught  in  such  a  hole  and  it  was  six  hours 
before  it  could  be  disengaged  and  the  hole  charged.  The  sand 


FIG.  102. — Drill  on  "  Earthquake." 

pipe,  when  it  rests  on  the  rock,  eliminates  this.  When  it  does 
not  rest  on  the  rock  and  there  is  a  layer  of  sand  between  the 
spigot  end  and  the  rock,  its  value  is  not  as  great  for 
this  purpose,  but  it  still  helps,  due  to  the  depth  of  sand  it 
does  penetrate.  But  even  when  it  does  not  rest  on  the  bottom 
it  does  more  than  assist  the  steel  in  getting  a  clean  hole;  it 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  229 

helps  in  charging.  It  is  no  trouble  at  all  to  start  the  charger, 
because  the  "  funnel,"  with  its  18"  opening,  is  easy  to  locate. 
The  spigot  does  the  rest  and  the  time  of  charging  should  be  mucrT 
reduced.  Where  the  current  is  swift  the  charging  is  very 
difficult  ordinarily,  and  so  a  sand  pipe  would  help  materially. 
Again,  with  no  sand  pipe  the  charger  in  moving  around  the  edge 
of  the  drilled  hole  often  causes  a  small  avalanche  of  stones  and 
sand  to  completely  fill  it,  necessitating  redrilling. 


FIG.  103. — Tender  of  the  "  Earthquake." 

The  use  of  the  sand  pipe  is  therefore,  with  the  usual  washout 
jet,  recommended  anywhere  except  when  the  rock  is  clean  and 
soft  or  the  drill  bar  has  to  be  removed  from  its  chuck  before 
loading. 

"  EARTHQUAKE."  The  following  figures  for  cost  per  lineal 
foot  drilled  and  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  are  based  on  the  average 
performance  over  a  period  of  four  months,  or  206  shifts.  The 
average  depth  of  hole  was  taken  as  12'.  The  holes  were  drilled 
about  3'  below  grade  and  the  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  are  figured 
on  that  basis : 


230  ROCK  DRILLING 

Average  over  4  months,  821'  per  day. 
Average  over  4  months,  41 1'  per  shift. 
Average  over  4  months,  572  cubic  yards  per  day. 
Average  over  4  months,  286  cubic  yards  per  shift. 

COSTS   ON   STANDARD   BASIS 


Force. 

Rates  of  Wages, 
Standard. 

Cost  per 
Day. 

Cost  per 
Foot  in 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.vd.  in 
Cents. 

4  drillers 

$3-02* 

2.42 

3.62 

2.42 

2-75 

121.00    12.8% 

no.oo  ii.  7% 

3-30 

$12.10 
9.68 

3.62 
4-84 

$21.78 

8.46 

2-75 
4.64 
4.24 
3-3° 
40-93 
40-53 

5-3° 

2.06 
.68 

I.  12 
1.04 
.80 
9.96 
9.88 

7.62 

2.96 
.96 
1.62 
1.48 
1.16 
14-32 
14.18 

4  drillers'  helpers  

i  blacksmith  

2  blacksmiths'  helpers  
i  fireman 

2-75 
4.64 
4.24 
3-3° 

i  foreman,  day,  per.  mo  ... 
i  foreman,  night,  per  mo.  .. 
i  powderman 

Day  shift 

Night  shift                                   

Total  labor                            

$81.46 
138.00 

38-74 
1.87 

9.92 

16.80 
4.72 
-23 

14-25 
24.20 
6.78 
-33 

60%  dynamite,  1150  Ibs.  at 
Coal   123  tons  at  3  i  s 

I  2  CtS 

Oil  etc.,  4$  gals,  at  .40  

Supply  total  

$178.61 

21-75 

3i-3i 

Total                                          

$260.07 
•**-.  so 

31.67 

A.  12 

45  -56 

6.21 

Plant,  $45,000.00,  interest  and  depreciation  at  2%  per 
working  month  .  . 

No  account  has  been  taken  of  the  contractor's  overhead 
charges,  profit,  cost  of  getting  plant  into  commission  in  the  spring, 
or  clearing  up  in  the  fall,  storing  equipment  during  winter,  legal 
expenses,  insurance,  charity,  etc. 

Dynamite  per  lin.ft.  drilled  60%, 

gross,    1.4  Ibs.;  nitroglycerin,     0.84  Ib. 
Dynamite  per  cu.yd.  pay  rock  60%, 

gross,  2.05  Ibs.;  nitroglycerin,    1.23  Ibs. 
Dynamite  per  cu.yd.  blasted  60%, 

gross,  1.51  Ibs.;  nitroglycerin,  0.906  Ib. 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio — TV—   —5 —=-=1.327. 

cubic  yards  pay  rock 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


231 


The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  the  data  on  file  in  the 
government  office  at  Amherstburg,  Ont.,  obtained  with  the 
consent  of  the  contractor.  The  items  marked  *  are  deductions 
from  the  data  on  file. 


May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Shifts  worked                    

CO 

52 

52 

52 

514 

556 

562 

554 

Hours  delay                                 

36 

16 

10 

18 

Number  of  holes            

1,786 

2,083 

1,459 

1,743 

*  Number  of  holes  per  shift             .... 

36 

4° 

28 

33 

22.  3<3 

23,084 

18,658 

20,363 

Depth  of  holes 

12.  <2 

11.08 

12.80 

11.68 

Dynamite   pounds  60*7/3          

21,911 

28,321 

75,843 

41,375 

Coal  tons               

324 

328 

332 

327 

*  Feet  per  day                                 

804 

888 

718 

784 

*  Feet  per  -drill  per  hour,  working  .... 
*  Feet  per  drill  per  hour  total         -  - 

10.89 
IO.I7 

10.39 

IO.IO 

8.30 
8.15 

9.19 

8.90 

*  Feet  per'  man  hour         

2.9O 

2  .88 

2.33 

2.54 

Labor  per  day  dollars 

81  46 

81.46 

81.46 

81.46 

*  Labor  per  foot  drilled   cents       .      .  . 

Q.I2 

o.i  8 

11.36 

10.40 

*  Coal  per  foot  drilled,  pounds  
*  Coal  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock  in  Ibs. 
*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock    .       

29.0 
41.2 
Is,  74O 

28.4 
42 
i<.6oo 

35-6 

5° 
13,250 

32.1 
47.6 
13,750 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  day 

6^0 

600 

CIO 

^2O 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift  

3*5 

300 

255 

265 

"  HURRICANE."  The  second  Dunbar  &  Sullivan  drill  boat 
on  section  No.  3,  of  the  Livingstone  Improvement  in  the  Detroit 
River  Channel  at  Amherstberg,  is  known  as  the  " Hurricane" 
Its  history  is  rather  interesting.  It  has  two  boilers,  and  this 
in  itself  is  a  rather  unusual  thing  for  so  small  a  boat.  About 
four  years  ago  Mr.  Dunbar  had  two  50'  frame  boats  on  the  coast, 
and  when  it  was  decided  to  bring  them  into  the  Detroit  River 
it  was  found  necessary  to  cut  each  boat  into  two  25'  sections, 
to  get  them  through  the  canal.  Later  the  steel  sections  were 
bolted  together  and  it  was  then  suggested  that  instead  of  having 
two  very  small  boats  it  would  be  advisable  to  make  one  large  boat. 
They  were  accordingly  bolted  together,  making  a  100'  four  frame 
steel  boat.  This  boat,  like  the  "  Earthquake,"  is  provided  with 
sand  pipes.  (See  page  225).  The  wear  on  the  inside  of  one  of 
these  pipes  in  a  season  enlarges  it  from  3"  to  3^".  This  boat 


232 


ROCK  DRILLING 


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SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


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SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  235 

is  without  the  adjustable    "  slip    joint  "  for  the  hydraulic  lift. 
Instead  a  "  swing  joint,"  is  used  and  as  the  drill  moves  along  - 
the  deck  this  joint  causes  the  two  pipes  connected  to  jack  knife 
(see  Fig.  104). 

The  following  factors  were  observed  in  the  operation  of  this 
boat: 

Drills  No.  i  and  No.  4  are  Rand  H,  69.  No.  2  and  No.  3,  are 
idea  of  Mr.  D unbar.  They  have  the  Rand  cylinder  and  valve 
and  bottom  head,  while  the  top  heads  are  the  Ingersoll-Rand. 

Diameter  of  piston,  5!". 

Length  of  stroke,  No.  i  and  No  4,  6J",  No.  2  and  No.  3,  5^". 

Lift,  about  19', 

Two  chucks  are  practically  like  the  U,  only  instead  of  the 
U-bolt  there  are  two  separate  bolts  with  heads  imbedded  to 
prevent  turning.  Two  U-chucks. 

Pressure  at  drill,  85  Ibs. 

Drills  run  about  300  strokes  per  minute. 

Moved  up  and  down  by  hydraulic  lift  operated  by  valves 
similar  to  those  of  the  "  Earthquake."  One  of  the  pictures  of  the 
"Earthquake"  (Fig.  100)  shows  the  runner  at  the  throttle  and 
the  mode  of  operation  of  the  valves. 

Diameter  of  tip,  3^". 

Hard  tool  steel  tips. 

Length  of  steel,  35 JV 

Section  circular,  if"  diam. 

Handled  by  hand. 

Steel  tempered  till  file  will  not  touch. 

One-half  inch  jet  used  for  cleaning  holes,  2,390  cu.in.  of  water 
per  jet  per  cutting  minute. 

71.3  cu.  in.  of  water  per  cu.in.  of  rock  cut. 

Worthington  pump,  7X4^X6,  4^"  suction,  2^"  discharge, 
furnished  water  to  the  jets. 

Speed  of  pump,  50  strokes  per  minute. 

Depth  of  holes,  f-z",  average  of  observations. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,  5'. 

Lateral  spacing,  5'. 

Material,  limestone. 


236 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Rock  fairly  hard  and  clean. 

Nineteen  holes  shot  to  a  row,  12  rows,  or  228  holes. 

Pluto  powder  made  by  Dunbar  Co.,  60%. 

Sticks,  isiXif";    weight,  ij  Ibs. 


FIG.  104. — Swing  Joint  on  "Hurricane." 


FIG.  105. — Feed-pipe  Slide  Joint. 

Twenty  sticks  to  the  hole. 

Blaster,  foreman,  runner  and  helper  do  loading  and  blasting. 

Four  drills  on  boat. 

Two  Scotch  marine  boilers  comprise  the  power  plant. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 

Horse  power  of  boilers  80  and  140. 

Steam  pressure  at  boiler  100  Ibs. 

Length  of  feed  pipe,  about  75'  from  main  to  drills. 

Diameter,  3"  main,  2",  ij"  slide  joint  (see  Fig.  105). 

Plant  all  afloat. 

Size  of  job,  750  good  working  days. 


237 


FIG.  106. — Spud  Engine  on  "  Hurricane." 

Length  of  shift,  n  hours. 

Two  shifts. 

Contract  price,  $2.80  per  cubic  yard  for  rock  and  50  cts.  per 
cubic  yard  for  earth. 

Blacksmith  keeps  drill  bits  in  shape,  makes  needed  nuts, 
bolts,  etc.,  and  necessary  repairs. 

Twelve  tons  of  coal  used  in  24  hours  =  3,000  Ibs.  per  drill 
per  shift. 

One  bbl.  of  drill  cylinder  oil  used  in  ten  days  =  5J  pints  per 
drill  per  shift. 


238  ROCK  DRILLING 

A  foreman  on  each  boat  and  one  walking  boss  for  the  two 
boats. 

Men  all  live  ashore. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant,  valued  at  $45,000,  at  2% 
per  working  month,  $17.30  per  shift. 

Superintendence,  one  day  foreman  at  12.8%  of  daily  wages, 
night  foreman,  11.7%  of  nightly  wages. 

Moving  boat  consumes  only  1.3%  of  total  time  and  costs  1.3%  of 
shift  wages,  or  53  cts.  per  shift.  This  is  much  below  the  average, 
and  due  -to  the  fact  that  the  nature  of  the  work  (on  jagged  face) 
made  drilling  slow  and  hence  resulted  in  infrequent  movings  of 
the  boat.  Moving  cost  per  drill  per  shift,  13  cts. 

The  following  is  a  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  on 
board  this  boat: 

Steel  boat. 

Four  spud  anchors. 

Four  spud  anchor  engines. 

Two  steam  windlasses. 

One  hydraulic  cylinder. 

Two  boilers,  80  and  140  H.P. 

One  dynamo  and  small  engine. 

One  blower  and  small  engine. 

One  washout  water  pump,  Worthington,  7X41x6". 

Two  pairs  of  pumps,  Worthington,  12X5^X10". 

One  anvil. 

One  forge. 

One  bench  and  vise. 

One  pipe  clamp. 

One  cutter. 

One  powder  boat. 

Two  spare  drills. 

The  following  figures  for  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per 
cubic  yard  of  pay  rock,  are  based  on  the  average  performance 
for  a  period  of  4  months  or  204  shifts.  The  average  depth  of  hole 
was  taken  as  12.11'.  The  holes  were  drilled  about  3'  below 
pay  grade  and  the  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  are  figured  on  that 
basis. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


239 


Average  over  4  months,  779'  drilled  per  day. 

Average  over  4  months,  390'  drilled  per  shift. 

Average  over  4  months,  541  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  day. 

Average  over  4  months,  270  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  per  shift. 


COSTS 


Force. 

Rates  of  Wages, 
Standard. 

Cost  per  Shift. 

Cost  per 
Foot  in 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
pay  yd.  in 
Cents. 

4  drillers 

$3-02* 

2.42 

3.62 
2.42 

2-75 

121.00       12.8% 

no.oo     11.7% 

3-30 

$12.10 

9.68 

-     $21.78 
3.62 
4.84 

8A& 

5-58 
2.18 

0.70 
1.  20 
I.IO 

0.84 

8.06 

3-14 

I.  O2 

1.72 
1.58 

1.22 

4  helpers  . 

i  blacksmith 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers  
i  fireman       

2-75         2.75 
4.64        4.64 
4-25        4-25 
3-3°        3-30 

I  foreman  (day)  per  mo.. 

i  foreman  (night)  per  mo.  .  . 
i  powder  man  

Dav  shift 

40-93 
40-54 

10.50 
10.40 

I5.l6 
15.00 

Ni^ht  shift 

Total  labor  

$81.47 
140.64 
40.00 
2.08 

10.45 
18.05 

5-J5 

0.27 

I5-°7 
26.00 
7.40 
0.38 

60%  dynamite  1172  Ibs.  at  i 
Coal,  12.7  tons  at  3.15,  2  shi: 
Oil  5  2  gals  at  40   2  shifts 

2  cts.,  2  shifts  .  .  . 
ts           

Total 

$264.19 
34.60 

33-92 
4-44 

48.85 
6.40 

Plant   $45,000,    Interest   and   depreciation   at 
2%)  per  working  month 

No  account  has  been  taken  of  the  contractor's  overhead  charges, 
profit,  cost  of  getting  plant  into  operation  in  the  spring  and  clean- 
ing up  in  the  fall,  storing  equipment  during  winter,  legal  expenses, 
insurance,  charity,  etc. 

60%  dynamite  per  ft.  drilled, 

gross  1.51  Ibs.  nitroglycerin,  0.906  Ib. 
60%  dynamite  per.  cu.yd.,  pay  rock, 

gross  2.16  Ibs.  nitroglycerin,  1.296  Ibs. 
60%  dynamite  per  cu.yd.,  blasted, 

gross  1.63  Ibs.  nitroglycerin,  0.978  Ib. 

ratio  cu.yds.  blasted 

60%  dynamite r^  ~~\ —      —=1.33. 

'  cubic  yards  pay 


240 


ROCK  DRILLING 


The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  data  on  file  in  the  gov- 
ernment office  at  Amherstberg,  Ont,  obtained  with  the  consent 


FIG.  107.— Drill  Boat  "  Hurricane." 

of  the  contractor.     The  items  marked  *  are  deductions  from  the 
data  on  file: 


May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Shifts  worked  

48 

C2 

C2 

£  2 

Hours  worked                                  

481 

rei 

<;6i 

CC7 

Hours  delay  

44 

21 

ii 

ir 

Number  of  holes                          

1,644 

2,16? 

I   ^O< 

I  717 

*  Number  of  holes  per  ^hift 

34. 

4.2 

20 

Lineal  feet  drilled                  

20,643 

22,O2O 

IQ   6O3 

*3 

16  1  30 

12.  c6 

IOXQ 

13.  02 

12  28 

Dynamite    60/0                              

18x17 

20  026 

37  86? 

33  2IO 

Coal   tons                

308 

328 

332 

327 

*  Keet  per  day 

860 

882 

7S4. 

622 

*  Feet  per  drill  hour  working  

10.72 

10.41 

8.7=; 

72? 

"     including  delays  
Feet  per  man  hour        

9.83 

2.70 

10.03 
2.86 

8.58 

2.4C 

7.06 
2  O2 

Labor  per  day  dollars 

8l  47 

8l  47 

8l  4.7 

8l  47 

*  Labor  per  foot  drilled,  cents  

0.48 

0-24 

I0.8l 

I  3  IO 

*  Coal  per  foot  drilled  in  pounds  
Coal  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  pounds  . 
*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock             

29.6 

42.2 

14x80 

28.6 

43-2 
15,160 

33-8 
47.6 

13  07O 

40.5 
58.0 

I  I      3  2O 

*     "           "     per  dav     

607 

r83 

538 

4^6 

*     "            "         "   shift    ii  hours 

304 

2Q2 

260 

218 

SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


241 


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ROCK  DRILLING 


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SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


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V 


CHAPTER   XII 
SUBAQUEOUS    DRILLING    (Continued) 

Buffalo  Boat  No.  5.  Observations,  1909.  A  strip  of  the  300' 
channel  100'  wide  on  section  No.  3  of  the  Detroit  River  channel 
improvement,  known  as  the  Livingstone  Improvement,  is  being 
done  by  the  Buffalo  Dredging  Company.  There  are  four  boats 
on  this  work,  the  largest  and  most  interesting  of  which  is  called 
No.  5. 

BOAT.  No.  5  is  an  all-steel  boat  and  is  supposed  to  represent 
the  best  practice  in  drill-boat  construction.  It  was  built  by 
the  Empire  Shipbuilding  Company  of  Buffalo  only  a  few  years 
ago.  The  length  on  deck  is  138',  beam  31'  3",  depth  6'  4".  The 
ends  of  the  boat  slope  so  that  the  length  on  the  bottom  is  130'. 
The  house  is  also  of  steel,  uo'Xip'  2" ',  height  on  drill  side  12^', 
sloping  down  to  n'  on  the  back.  The  roof  overlaps  the  side 
walls  some  3'.  The  internal  arrangement  of  the  hull  is  as  follows: 
Four  transverse  bulkheads  divide  the  hull  up  into  five  water- 
tight compartments.  These  bulkheads  are  secured  to  the  side 
walls,  ceiling  and  floor  by  the  usual  angle  construction,  here 
3i  ><3  X  t"-  Each  one  of  these  compartments  is  26'  long  and  31'  3" 
wide.  Spaced  2'  apart  and  running  across  the  boat,  up  the 
sides  and  under  the  deck,  are  3-3- X  3"  angles.  These  are  con- 
nected at  the  sides  of  the  boat  by  means  of  bracket  plates.  There 
are  also  four  longitudinal  bulkheads  which  divide  each  26/X3i/  3" 
compartment  into  five  smaller  ones,  each  connected  to  the 
adjoining  one  by  a  manhole.  The  boat  is  thus  divided  up  into 
25  compartments,  each  6'  3"X26'.  The  angles  which  secure 
these  bulkheads  in  place  are  continuous  longitudinally  through 
the  transverse  bulkheads.  Each  of  the  five  water-tight  compart- 
ments is  entered  from  the  deck  by  means  of  a  manhole.  There 
is  also  in  each  a  steam  siphon  for  keeping  the  hull  clear  of 

244 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


245 


water.     The  pipes  through  which  the  water  is  expelled  are  4" 
in  diameter. 

MANAGEMENT  OF  DRILLS.  On  this  boat  the  usual  hydraulic  ~ 
lift  is  missing,  as  is  also  the  hydraulic  cylinder  for  moving  the  frames 
along  deck.  Steam  takes  the  place  of  water  and  gives  entire 
satisfaction,  doing  away  entirely  with  the  various  troubles  of 
water.  The  Dake  engines,  made  by  the  Dake  Engine  Company 
of  Grand  Haven,  Mich.,  both  hoist  the  drill  and  move  the  frame 
along  deck.  Each  frame  has  one  of  these  units,  and  is  indepen- 


FIG.  108  —  A  River  Blast. 

dent  of  all  the  others.  The  operation  of  these  Dake  engines  is 
as  follows:  Steam  enters  one  end  of  the  machine  and  imparts 
a  rotary  motion  to  a  shaft  which  has  keyed  to  it  a  6"  cog  wheel. 
This  cog  meshes  with  a  3'  wheel  mounted  on  the  shaft  that  has 
on  it  a  hoisting  drum.  A  f "  cable  fastened  to  this  drum  passes 
up  over  a  large  sheave  on  top  of  the  frame  and  then  down  to  the 
sliding  block  that  holds  the  drill.  When  steam  is  turned  on 
the  drill  is  hoisted.  It  is  lowered  by  gravity.  On  the  same 
shaft  with  the  drum  is  a  band-brake  operated  by  the  feet  of  the 
runner.  With  this  he  can  get  a  feed  at  any  speed  he  wishes. 


246  ROCK  DRILLING 

On  the  same  shaft  with  the  drum  and  band-brake,  and  inside  the 
bearings  is  a  notched  wheel  into  the  notches  of  which  a  pawl 
may  be  slipped  and  the  drill  held  secure  in  any  position. 

Moving  the  frame  along  deck  is  done  by  the  same  engine  that 
operates  the  hoist.  On  the  hoist-drum  shaft  outside  of  the  bear- 
ings is  a  grooved  chain  wheel  that  ordinarily  slips  on  the  shaft. 
There  is,  however,  a  sliding  coupling  arrangement  whereby  this 
chain  wheel  can  be  made  to  revolve  with  the  shaft  and  drum,  or 
with  the  shaft  alone,  by  operating  a  lever  that  disengages  the  hoist- 
drum  gearing.  Each  frame  has  a  .heavy  chain  fastened  to  the 
deck  at  each  end  just  a  little  beyond  the  limit  of  its  deck  range. 
This  chain  runs  along  deck  to  the  floor  frame  of  the  drill,  where  it 
makes  a  quarter  turn  under  a  small  sheave,  passes  upward  over 
the  chain  wheel  on  the  hoist-drum  shaft,  then  downward,  mak- 
ing another  quarter  turn  under  another  small  sheave  and  finally 
runs  along  the  deck  to  where  it  is  fixed.  When  the  chain  wheel 
revolves  one  way  the  chain  is  taken  in  and  the  whole  frame 
slides  along  its  track  in  that  direction,  and  when  the  chain  wheel 
revolves  in  the  opposite  way  the  frame  slides  in  that  direction. 
This  arrangement  may  be  operated  in  two  ways.  The  usual  way 
to  move  the  frame  5'  along  on  deck  is  to  throw  in  the  chain 
wheel  so  that  it  revolves  with  the  drum.  Then  according  to 
the  direction  desired,  the  steam  is  either  turned  on  or  the  band 
brake  released,  and  as  the  drum  hoists  the  drill  or  gravity  puts 
it  down  the  frame  is  moved  along  deck  to  the  proper  location. 
The  second  way  to  move  the  frame  along  deck  is  used  when 
it  is  desirable  to  move  the  frame  independently  of  the  drill. 
To  do  so  the  clutch  on  the  hoist  cog  wheel  is  thrown  out  and 
the  clutch  on  the  chain  wheel  thrown  in.  Then  by  turning  on 
the  steam  the  chain  wheel  is  made  to  revolve  in  either  direc- 
tion, pulling  the  frame  rapidly  along  deck  in  either  direction. 

BOILER.  The  coal  bunker  on  this  boat  is  made  entirely  of 
steel  and  has  a  capacity  for  100  tons,  more  than  one  week's  supply. 
There  are  two  large  hatchways  in  the  roof  through  which  the  coal 
is  poured  from  dump  boxes.  The  boiler  burns  10  tons  of  coal 
in  24  hours.  It  is  a  Scotch  marine,  12-JXg'  9"  working  at  90  Ib. 
gauge  pressure.  So  much  steam  is  used,  however,  on  this  all-steam 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


247 


boat   that  when   several  of   the   drills   are   hoisted   at  once,  the 
pressure  falls  off  so  that  the  other  machines  can  hardly  operate. 


FIG.  109. — Spud  Engine  on  Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 


FIG.  no. — Dake  Engine  en  Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 

GENERAL  MACHINERY.    The  boat  is  provided  with  a  steam 
hammer,  two  steam  capstans    and    four  steam    spud    engines. 


248 


ROCK  DRILLING 


On  the  wall  of  the  house  on  the  inside  are  steel  lockers  for  the 
men's  clothes.  The  blacksmith  shop  is  equipped  with  a  crane 
for  handling  the  drill  steel.  The  coal  bunker,  boiler,  pumps, 
generator  room,  office,  and  forge  are  at  the  rear  side  of  the  boat, 
leaving  a  clear  passageway  of  10  or  12'  for  moving  about  and  hand- 
ling the  steel.  It  is  in  this  clear  passage  that  the  crane  works. 
It  consists  of  a  track  on  the  flanges  of  an  I-beam  running  length- 
wise of  the  boat  and  suspended  from  the  ceiling.  On  this  track 
run  two  small  cars  from  which  hang  block  and  tackle  and  hooks 


FIG.  in.— Buffalo  Boat  No.  5, 

for  handling  the  steel.  Another  thing  that  uses  up  more  steam 
is  a  whistle  on  the  feed  pipe  of  each  drill  that  is  tooted  the  proper 
number  of  times,  1-2-3-4  or  5,  to  tell  the  blasters  which  frame 
is  ready  to  load. 

GAS  PLANT.  The  boat  is  well  equipped  in  other  lines.  At 
one  end  of  the  boat  a  small  room  partitioned  off  with  steel  walls 
contains  the  generating  apparatus  of  a  loo-light  acetylene  gas 
plant.  The  outfit  is  made  by  the  Monarch  Carbide  Feed  Acetylene 
Generator  Company,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  There  are  about  30  lights 
on  board.  Around  the  walls  of  the  generator  room  are  shelves 
that  hold  the  large  cans  of  carbide. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  249 

SPACING  OF  HOLES.  Each  machine  drills  holes  3'  apart  on 
the  first  or  outside  row.  When  this  row  is  completed  the  Jbqat 
is  moved  over  3'.  This  second  row  is  spaced  4'  on  deck  and 
the  subsequent  move-over  is  4^'.  The  third  row  and  all  succeed- 
ing rows  except  the  last  are  spaced  5'  on  deck  and  the  move-over 
is  4!'.  The  distance  moved  over  each  time  is  gauged  on  two  wires 
stretched  across  the  cut  from  two  poles  to  the  boat.  The 
reason  for  the  close  spacing  of  the  holes  on  the  first  row  is  that 
there  are  no  cuts  beyond,  and  it  is  desired  to  break  the  rock. 
The  spacing  on  deck  of  the  last  row  of  holes  on  the  other  side  is 
4',  the  close  spacing  of  the  other  side  not  being  needed  here 
because  there  is  another  cut  just  beyond. 

DRILL  DATA.     Ingersoll-Rand  drill,  type  H  64. 

Diameter  of  piston,  5^". 

Stroke,  10". 

Feed,  about  19'. 

U-chuck. 

Steam  pressure  at  drill,  95  Ibs. 

Number  of  strokes,  about  300  per  minute. 

The  cylinders  are  raised  and  the  drill  frames  moved  along 
the  deck  by  means  of  the  Dake  engines  as  already  described. 
The  steam  lines  for  each  engine  and  for  the  drill  cylinder  are  iden- 
tical from  the  steam  dome  of  the  boiler  to  a  T  in  the  drill-frame 
house  where  the  steam  feed  for  the  cylinder  branches  off.  The 
platform  of  each  frame  is  housed  over  and  is  very  warm  and  com- 
fortable in  winter.  The  tracks  on  which  these  frames  run  along 
the  deck  are  three  in  number.  One  at  the  outer  edge  of  the  boat, 
the  second  10"  in  and  the  third  about  5'  in  from  the  last.  These 
tracks  are  standard  45-lb.  rails. 

Diameter  of  tip  of  bit,  3^". 

Length  of  steel,  34'.      <\ 

Shaft  is  circular  steel  2"  in  diameter. 

Steel  handled  by  means  of  crane  and  tackle  already  described. 

]Qts  were  not  intended  to  be  used  for  cleaning  holes,  but 
they  are  used  occasionally  when  one  machine  gets  behind.  The 
jet  when  used  is  %" '. 

Steel  tempered  till  file  will  not  touch. 


250 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Deane  pump  12X7X12,  6"  suction,  3"  discharge,  supplies 
water  for  jets.  This  is  not  meant  for  a  pressure  pump,  but  for 
feeding  the  boiler. 

Speed  of  pump  about  16  strokes  per  minute. 

Force  of  jet  due  to  reduced  size  of  nozzle  and  not  to  pressure 
on  pump. 

The  connections  of  the  jet  are  about  the  same  as  usual,  only 
there  is  no  block  and  tackle  for  hoisting  and  handling. 


FIG.  ii2.— Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 

Holes  about  8J'  deep,  4$"  in  diameter. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,   5',  lateral  spacing  4!',  but 
see  previous  description. 

All  frames  have  mud  pipes. 

Limestone  is  being  drilled. 

Condition  of  rock  hard  in  spots;   some  sand  on  top. 

About  650  holes  shot  per  blast. 

Potts  powder  used,  60%. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 
Size  of  sticks,  8"X2".     Weight  20  oz. 


251 


Twelve  sticks  per  hole  used  for  charging. 

United  States  standard  blasting  machine  used  to  shoot 
holes. 

Blasting  gang  consists  of  2  blasters.  Runners  and  helpers 
assist. 

Number  of  drills,  5. 

Scotch  marine  boiler. 

Size  of  boiler,  12^X9'  9". 

Steam  pressure  at  boiler  90  Ibs. 


FIG.  113.— Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 

Length  of  feed  pipe,  75'  from  main  to  steam  chest  of 
drill. 

Diameter  of  feed  pipe,  6"  main,  rest  mostly  i|"  and  3". 

Contract  is  750  good  working  days. 

Length  of  shift,  10  hours  day  shift,  and  12  hours  night  shift. 
(Shift  changes  each  week.) 

Number  of  shifts,  2. 

Force  per  shift  is  as  follows  (day) : 


252  ROCK  DRILLING 

5  runners  at  $3 . 02  J  =  $i  5 . 12  £  per  shift,  standard  basis 

i  foreman  at    4.65   =     4.65    per  day 

1  fireman  at    2.75  =     2.75    per  shift 

2  blasters  at    3.30   =     6.60 

1  smith  at    3.62    =     3.62 

2  smiths'  helpers  at    2.42   =     4.84 

4  helpers  at    2.42   =     9.68         " 

Total  $47-26z 

There  is  a  total  of  31  men  for  both  shifts,  which  would  mean 
that  there  is  one  less  helper  at  night.  The  night  foreman 
getting  $110  per  month  =  $4.25  a  night,  would  make  a  total  of 
$4.65  — $4.25 +$2.42  =$2. 82  less  at  night.  Total,  31  men, 

$91-  71- 

Contract  price,  $2.80  per  cubic  yard  for  rock  and  50  cts.  per 

cubic  yard  for  earth. 

Work  of  the  smith  is,  as  usual,  taking  care  of  the  bits.  The 
bits,  with  no  accident,  will  drill  from  12  to  1 8  holes  without  repoint- 
ing.  The  nipples  on  the  mud  pipes  last  about  a  season.  The 
smith,  besides  his  bench  outfit,  has  a  pair  of  small  emery  wheels 
operated  by  the  small  Dake  engine  that  turns  the  blower. 

Use  10  tons  of  coal  in  24  hours  =  2000  Ibs.  per  drill  per  shift 

Use  i  bbl.  of  drill  cylinder  oil  in  6  days  =  ;J  pints  per  drill 
per  shift. 

Coal  is  brought  out  in  boxes  loaded  on  a  scow.  The  crane 
on  the  scow  hoists  the  boxes  over  the  hatch  of  a  loo-ton  bunker 
and  the  boxes  are  dumped. 

Coal  costs  $3.15  at  dock. 

If  company  did  not  own  their  own  tug  and  had  to  pay  handling 
charges  coal  would  cost  35  cts.  a  ton  more. 

Repairs  are  said  to  be  very  few,  2  extra  machines  are  kept 
on  hand  in  case  of  need;  also  13  extra  drill  bits. 

Boat  has  a  day  and  night  foreman,  and  there  is  a  superintendent 
for  the  four  boats. 

Quarters  aboard  the  boat  are  not  provided.  Men  live  ashore, 
being  taken  back  and  forth  to  Amherstburg,  Ont.,  day  and  night 
by  the  company's  tug. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant,  valued  at  $52,000,  at  2% 
per  working  month  =  $20  per  shift. 


SUBAQUP;OUS  DRILLING  253 

Superintendence:  One  day  foreman  at  10.9%  of  daily 
wages;  one  night  foreman  at  10.6%  of  nightly  wages;  also  a 
superintendent  for  the  four  Buffalo  boats. 

Moving  the  boat  from  range  to  range  requires  9%  of  the 
total  time,  costing  9%  of  the  shift  wages =$4. 2  5  per  shift,  (day) 
=  $0.85  per  drill  per  shift. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  of  this  boat  is  as  follows: 

One  steel  drill  boat. 

One  cutter. 

One  powder  boat. 

One  marine  boiler,  i2j/X9/  9". 

One  feed- water  heater. 

One  filter. 

Five  drill  outfits  equipped  with  Dake  engines. 

Four  spud  anchors. 

Four  spud  anchor  engines  6X8"  double,  Superior  Iron 
Works. 

Two  steam  capstans. 

One  steam  hammer. 

One  forge. 

One  bench,  vise  and  pipe  clamp. 

One  small  Dake  engine. 

One  blower. 

Two  small  emery  wheels  10  X  J". 

One  anvil. 

One  Monarch  acetylene  gas  plant,  capacity,  100  lights. 

One  Deane  pump,  12X7X12". 

Lockers  for  men's  clothes. 

One  water  closet. 

One  desk. 

One  blasting  machine,  U.  S.  standard. 

Thirteen  extra  bits. 

Two  extra  drills. 

THE  MUD  PIPE,  BUFFALO  DRILL  BOAT  No.  5.  The  so-called 
"  mud  pipe  "  is  the  device  used  on  the  Buffalo  boats  to  serve 
the  same  purpose  that  the  "sand  pipe"  does  on  the  Dunbar  boats. 
The  brackets  on  the  drill  frame  in  which  the  two  rods  support- 


254 


ROCK  DRILLING 


ing  the  mud  pipe  slide  up  and  down  are  the  same  as  those 
previously  described  for  the  sand  pipe,  with  the  exception  that 
in  this  case  the  slide  rods  are  circular  in  section,  whereas,  in  the 
case  of  the  sand  pipe  the  slide  rods  were  tee  irons.  The  two 
circular  slide  rods  of  the  mud  pipe  arrangement  terminate  at 
all  ends  much  the  same  as  do  the  tee  rods  of  the  sand  pipe,  i.e. , 
the  upper  ends  are  arranged  so  that  the  slide  rods  and  pipes  can 
be  raised,  and  the  lower  ends  of  these  rods  are  connected  across 


FIG.  114. — Swing  Joints  in  Supply  Pipe:  Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 

by  a  block  of  wood,  through  which  the  outer  casing  passes  and 
upon  which  it  rests  by  means  of  a  collar. 

The  mud  pipe  proper  starts  from  this  cross  timber.     The 
one  on  Buffalo  No.  5  consists  of  four  parts,  namely: 

(1)  Outside  pipe,  8"  diam.,  9'  2"  long. 

(2)  Inside  pipe,  6"  diam.,  10'  10"  long. 

(3)  Nipple,  6"  diam,  4'  i"  long. 

(4)  A.  tee  connecting  the  nipple  and  the  inside  6"  pipe. 

The  whole  thing  is  meant  to  be  a  telescope  arrangement,  and 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  255 

is  put  together  as  follows:  The  slide  frames  are  .first  pulled  up 
as  high  as  possible,  and  then  the  8"  pipe  is  slipped  into  the  hole 
in  the  wooden  block  at  the  end  of  the  slide  rods  until  it  rests  on  its 
collar.  The  6"  pipe  is  then  slipped  inside  the  8"  until  its  lower 
end  just  begins  to  protrude  through  the  8".  As  soon  as  it  does 
the  tee  having  the  nipple  already  screwed  in  is  attached  to  the  6" 
pipe.  It  is  seen  now  that  the  6"  pipe  is  free  to  be  moved  up  or 
down  in  the  8",  up  until  the  tee  hits  the  8".  The  manner  of 
making  this  6"  pipe  adjustable  is  by  means  of  a  chain  that  has 
one  end  secured  around  the  nipple  just  below  the  tee.  It  then 
passes  up  over  the  outside  of  the  8"  pipe  through  a  ring  that 
is  secured  to  the  upper  end  of  the  8"  by  a  clamp.  The  chain  then 
passes  upward  along  one  of  the  posts  of  the  frame  over  a  pulley 
near  the  top  and  comes  down  to  the  deck  where  it  can  be  operated 
by  the  workmen.  The  function  of  the  tee  at  the  junction  of 
the  6"  pipe  and  nipple  is  in  the  stem  of  the  tee  which  is  open.  Thus 
when  the  pipe  is  in  operation  the  wash  water  can  force  the  loose 
sand  upward  in  the  nipple  until  it  reaches  the  open  stem  of  this 
tee,  when  it  is  expelled  into  the  water. 

The  operation  of  the  mud  pipe  is  as  follows:  The  slides  are 
let  down  until  the  top  of  the  8"  pipe  is  just  clear  of  the  water 
surface  (see  Fig.  115).  The  6"  telescope  pipe  with  its  nipple  and 
tee  are  then  let  down  until  the  end  of  the  nipple  has  pushed  its 
way  through  the  sand  and  rests  on  the  bottom.  The  drill  bit 
is  then  lowered  inside  the  pipes  and  the  hole  dug  as  usual.  The 
washout,  as  said,  forces  all  the  sand  and  debris  out  into  the  river 
through  the  open  stem  of  the  tee.  If  it  should  happen  that  the 
sand  was  deeper  than  the  distance  between  the  end  of  the  nipple 
and  the  tee,  its  value  in  this  case  would  be  nil,  because  the  sand 
being  up  over  the  tee  there  would  be  no  way  to  get  the  sand  on 
the  inside  out  and  so  it  would  have  to  be  churned  and  churned 
by  the  bit,  making  progress  very  slow. 

A  comparison  between  the  mud  pipe  and  the  sand  pipe 
can  now  be  made.  The  clear  distance  between  the  end  of 
nipple  and  tee  in  the  case  of  the  mud  pipe  is  about  the  same 
as  the  spigot  of  the  funnel  in  the  case  of  the  sand  pipe.  Then 
with  a  depth  of  sand  such  that  the  efficiency  of  the  two  is  not 


256 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  115.-— Foot  of  Drill  Frame:  Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 


r 


FIJ.  116. — Drill  Frame:  Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  257 

impaired,  it  is  obvious  that  they  will  each  keep  the  drill  bit  equally 
clear  of  sand  and  will  therefore  be  equally  efficient.  In  case 
the  depth  of  sand  is  too  great  for  either  to  operate  ^per- 
fectly, it  is  believed  that  the  sand  pipe  would  give  the  better 
service. 

The  mud  pipe,  purposely  made  wide  enough  to  allow  charger 
and  bit  to  be  in  the  pipe  together,  can  offer  no  particular  support 
to  the  drill  bit  to  keep  it  from  jumping  around  at  starting  when 
the  rock  is  very  hard.  With  very  hard  rock,  it  would,  therefore, 
seem  economical  to  use  the  sand  pipe,  even  if  the  hole  were  of 
such  depth  that  the  bit  had  to  be  uncoupled  when  loading. 
The  time  used  in  unbolting  the  bit,  putting  the  chain  around 
and  hoisting  up  clear  of  the  sand  pipe  is  not  lost  time,  because 
it  is  done  while  waiting  for  the  blaster.  The  time  used  in 
replacing  and  bolting  up  after  loading  takes  from  3-4  min.  Now 
if  with  hard  rock  the  mud  pipe  were  used  and  a  sharp  bit  had  to 
replace  the  worn  bit,  taking  10  minutes,  to  say  nothing  of  the  time 
taken  in  resharpening,  it  is  easily  seen  that  it  would  be  economical 
to  use  the  sand  pipe,  even  if  with  the  mud  pipe  a  sharp  bit 
only  had  to  be  put  in  every  third  hole.  Furthermore,  a  bit 
snugly  supported  near  the  bottom  of  the  river  would  not  cause 
so  much  wear  in  the  drill  cylinder  as  one  that  jumped  around  in 
a  violent  manner. 

As  to  the  third  point,  that  of  furnishing  a  guide  to  the  charger, 
one  answers  just  about  as  well  as  the  other.  After  the  hole 
is  loaded,  in  each  case  the  pipes  have  to  be  drawn  up.  The 
inside  6"  pipe  is  drawn  up  inside  the  8"  by  the  proper  tackle 
and  the  tee  frame  has  to  be  raised  with  the  sand  pipe.  Each  of 
these  operations  requires  about  a  minute. 

The  sand  pipe  (even  if  the  removal  of  the  bit  is  necessary  for 
charging)  is  advisable  in  hard  rock.  The  mud  pipe  is  advisable 
where  rock  is  soft  and  sandy  on  top.  The  sand  pipe  is  best  in 
any  case  if  the  boat  is  designed  with  a  lift  great  enough  for 
the  bottom  of  the  bit  to  clear  the  sand  pipe  in  any  depth  of 
hole. 

BUFFALO  BOAT  No.  5.  The  following  figures  for  cost  per 
lineal  foot  drilled  and  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  are  based  on  the 


-258 


ROCK  DRILLING 


average  performance  for  a  period  of  two  months  or  50  working 
days.  The  average  depth  of  hole  is  taken  as  9.5'.  The  holes 
were  drilled  about  3'  below  grade  and  the  cubic  yards  of  pay 
rock  are  figured  on  this  basis. 

The  plant  is  supposed  to  represent  an  investment  of  $52,000. 
No  account  has  been  taken  of  contractors'  overhead  charges 
or  profit,  cost  of  getting  plant  into  commission  in  the  spring 


FIG.  11.7— Buffalo  Boat  No.  5. 

and  cleaning  up  in  the  fall,  storing  equipment  during  the  winter, 
legal  expenses,  insurance  or  charity.  Furthermore,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  these  observations  and  also  the  observations  of 
Buffalo  Drill  Boats  Nos.  4,  2  and  i  were  taken  during  July  and 
August,  which  are  the  best  working  months,  as  no  time  is  lost  on 
account  of  the  high  winds,  which  later  in  the  season,  add  materi- 
ally to  the  cost  per  cubic  yard  for  breaking  up  the  rock.  Another 
fact  that  must  be  remembered  is  that  the  rock  does  not  always 
break  to  grade,  but  many  places  are  left  above  grade  which  must 
be  redrilled,  reblasted,  and  redredged.  This  is  not  always  due 
to  carelessness  or  bad  judgment,  but  to  the  character  and  the 
nature  of  the  rock,  which  cannot  always  be  foreseen. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


259 


Average  over  50  days: 

1022  lineal  ft.  drilled  per  day. 
511  lineal  ft.  drilled  per  shift,  assuming  an  equal  performance 

by  day  and  night  shifts. 
562  cu.yds.  (pay)  loosened  per  day. 

281  cu.yds.  loosened  per  shift,  assuming  an  equal  performance 
by  day  and  night  shifts. 

COSTS 


Force. 

Rates  of  Wages. 

Cost. 

Cost  per 
Foot  in 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
pay.yd.  in 
Cents. 

r  drillers 

$3-02$ 

2  .42 

4.65 
42? 

$15.12$ 
9.68 
4-65 

$24.80$ 
4.65  (10.9%) 
..(10  6%} 

4-86 
0.91 

0.54 
1.29 

1.66 

8.84 
1.66 

0.98 

2-34 

3.02 

4  helpers 

i  foreman  day 

i  foreman,  night    ..... 

i  fireman  

2-75 
3-3° 
3.62 
2.42 

2-75 
6.60 
3.62 
4.84 

2-75 
6.60 

8.46 

$47-26$ 
44  •  44$ 

2  blasters 

i  blacksmith  

2  blacksmiths'  helpers.  . 

9.26 

8.70 

16.84 
15.80 

i  ^  men   night  shift          .......    . 

Total  labor  per  day 

$91-71 
216.00 

31-50 
3-47 

8.97 

21.12 

3.08 

o-34 

16.32 
38.40 
5-6i 
0.62 

60%  dynamite,  1800  Ibs.  at  12  cts 
Coal   10  tons  at  $3  15 

Oil,  etc.,  8f  gals,  at  40  ct 
Total                   

s  

$342.68 
40.00 

33-51 
3.91 

60.95 
7.13 

Plant,  $52,000,  interest 
at  2%  per  working  mo 

and   depreciation 
nth     ... 

60%  dynamite  per  linear  foot, 

60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock, 

60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted, 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Rati°  cubic  yards  pay  rock  =  I'518' 


Gross,  1.76  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin,  1.056  Ibs. 
Gross,  3.20  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin,  1.920  Ibs. 
Gross,  2. 1 1  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin,  1.266  Ibs. 


The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  data  on  file  in  the 
government  office  at  Amherstburg,  Ont,  obtained  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  contractor.  The  items  marked  with  a  *  are  deduc- 
tions from  the  data  on  file. 


260 


ROCK  DRILLING 


1909. 

July. 

August. 

Shifts 

48 
5J3 
59 
2,<66 

52 
539 
33 
2,640 

5i 
28,822 
10.92 

5*»9K> 

270 

1,110 

10.70 

10.10 

91.71 
8.26 

18.7 

30.6 
17,600 

677 

338 

Hours  worked  

Hours  delay 

Number  of  holes  

*  Number  of  holes  per  shift  

53 
20,418 
7.96 
38,207 
250 

851 
7.96 

7-i5 
91.71 
10.80 
24.4 
46.8 
10,700 
446 
223 

Lineal  feet  drilled 

Depth  of  holes  feet 

Dynamite,  60%,  Ibs         

Coal  tons 

*  Feet  per  day          ...... 

*  Keet  per  drill  hour  working 

*Feet  per  drill  hour  including  delays.    . 

Labor  per  day  dollars 

*  Labor  per  foot  drilled  cents                      .    . 

*  Coal  per  foot  drilled,  pounds  

*  Coal  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock  pounds 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock  

*  Cubic  yards  per  dav 

*  Cubic  yards  per  shift,  1  1  hrs  

Buffalo  Drill  Boat,  No.  4,  Observations  1909.  This  boat, 
although  owned  by  the  Great  Lakes  Dredge  and  Dock  Com- 
pany, is  at  present  under  lease  to  the  Buffalo  Company.  With 
the  other  three  Buffalo  boats,  Nos.  i,  2,  and  5,  it  is  engaged 
upon  drilling  work  on  the  western  100'  of  section  No.  3  of  the 
Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit  River. 

No.  4  is  a  very  roomy,  modern  and  efficient  drill  boat.  Made 
of  steel  throughout,  including  the  house  for  covering  the  boiler, 
pumps,  etc.,  its  construction  is  much  like  that  of  Buffalo  boat 
No.  5.  No.  4,  also,  has  five  drills  and  frames,  but  the  mode  of 
operation  of  these  is  entirely  different. 

On  No.  5  the  drills  are  lifted  by  steam  and  the  drill  frames 
moved  along  the  deck  by  the  same  agent.  Anchor  posts  also 
are  operated  by  steam.  On  No.  4,  however,  the  drills  are 
raised  and  lowered  by  the  regular  hydraulic  lift  and  the  frames 
are  moved  along  deck  by  the  usual  hydraulic  cylinder  and  end- 
less chain  arrangement.  A  noticeable  point  in  regard  to  this 
hydraulic  cylinder  is  its  enormous  size,  it  being  nearly  twice  the 
usual  diameter.  Anchor  posts  on  this  boat  are  also  operated  by 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


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264 


ROCK  DRILLING 


hydraulic  power,  so  that  while  No.  5  may  be  called  an  all-steam 
boat,  No.  4  is  nearly  an  all-hydraulic  power  boat.  Steam,  of 
course,  is  used  in  the  operation  of  the  drills,  which  are  Ingersoll- 
Rand,  Type  H  61. 

The  following  figures  for  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per 
cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  are  based  on  the  average  performance  for 
a  period  of  two  months,  or  104  shifts.  The  average  depth  of 
hole  was  yf.  The  number  of  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  loosened 


FIG.  1 1 8.— Buffalo  Boat  No.  4. 

has  been  based  upon  the  holes  being  drilled  about  2f  below 
pay  grade  and  spaced  5'  longitudinally  and  4^'  laterally. 
Average  over  2  months  835  lineal  ft.  drilled  per  day. 
Average  over  2  months  418  lineal  ft.  drilled  per  shift,  assum- 
ing equal  shifts. 

Average  over  2  months  451  cubic  yards  pay  rock  loosened  per 

day. 

Average  over  2  months  226  cubic  yards  pay  rock  loosened  per 
shift,  assuming  equal  shifts. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


265 


COSTS 


Force. 

Rates  of  Wages. 

Cost  per 
Shift. 

Cost  pei- 
Foot  in 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Pay  yd.  in 
Cents. 

5  drillers  

$3-02* 
2.42 

3.62 
2.42 

3-3° 
2-75 
4-65 

4-25 

$15.12* 

12  .  10 

$27.22* 

8.46 
6.60 
2-75 
4.65 
4.25 

6-53 

2.02 

1-58 

0.66 
i.  ii 

1.02 

12.05 

2-74 
2.92 
1.22 
2.06 

1.88 

3.62 
4.84 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers                   .    -  . 

2  blasters  

6.60 

2-75 
4-65 
4-25 

i  fireman            

i  foreman,  day  

i  foreman  night            

Day  shift 

$49-68* 
49-28* 

11.90 
II.8I 

21-99 
21.80 

Night  shift  

Total  labor      

$98.97 
163.86 

31-50 
3-20 

11.85 
19.60 

3-78 
0.38 

21.90 

36-3° 
6.98 
0.71 

1365  £  Ibs.  dynamite  per  day  at  12  cts.,  60% 
Coal   10  tons  per  day  at  $3.  15  

Oil  per  day  8  ffals  at  40  cts       .     .    ............. 

Daily  total.  .  . 

$297-53 
38.40 

35-61 
4.60 

65.89 
8.53 

Plant,  $50000,  interest  and  depreciation  at  2^ 

i 

No  account  has  been  taken  of  contractor's  overhead  charges, 
profit,  cost  of  getting  into  operation  in  spring  and  cleaning  up 
in  fall,  storing  equipment  in  winter,  legal  expenses,  insurance, 
charity,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  data  on  file  in  the 
government  office  at  Amherstburg,  Ont.,  obtained  with  the 
consent  of  the  contractor.  The  items  marked  *  are  deductions 
from  the  data  on  file. 


266 


ROCK  DRILLING 


1909. 

July. 

August. 

Shifts  worked.   .           

S2 
554 
18 

2,73r 
52 
7.16 
19^82 
29,021 
260 

755 
7.07 
6.85 

2.1 
98.97 
I3.I 
26.6 
11,350 

437 
218.5 

52 
562 

IO 

2,900 
56 
8.17 
23,724 
41,997 
270 
914 

8-45 
8.30 
2.46 

98.97 
10.82 

20.8 
I2,IOO 
465 
232-5 

Hours  worked 

Hours  delay          

Number  of  holes  

Number  of  holes  per  shift 

Depth  of  holes  feet  . 

Lineal  feet  drilled 

Dynamite,  60%,  Ibs  

Coal,  tons 

*  Feet  per  day     

*  Feet  per  drill  hour  working 

*  Feet  per  drill  hour,  including  delays  .... 
*  Feet  per  man  hour 

Labor  per  day                       

*  Labor  per  foot  drilled  cents 

*  Coal  per  foot  drilled,  pounds  
Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock. 

*  Cubic  yards  per  day 

*  Cubic  yards  per  shift,  n  hrs         

*  60%  dynamite  per  lineal  foot  drilled, 

*  60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock, 

*  60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted, 

cubic  yards  blasted 


Gross  1.64    Ibs.,  nitroglycerin 0.984  Ib. 
Gross  3.02    Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.812  Ibs. 
Gross  1.96   Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.176  Ibs. 


*  Ratio 


cubic  yards  pay  rock 


1-54- 


Buffalo  Drill  Boat  No.  2.  No.  2  is  a  four-frame  boat, 
equipped  with  Ingersoll-Rand  drills,  type  H  64.  With  Nos.  i, 
5,  and  4,  this  boat  forms  the  fleet  of  Buffalo  drill  boats  at 
present  engaged  in  drilling  operations  on  the  western  100'  of 
section  No.  3  of  the  Livingstone  Improvement  of  the  Detroit 
River. 

Like  No.  i,  this  boat  is  of  the  old  wooden  type  of  construc- 
tion and  is  arranged  to  move  the  drill  frames  along  deck,  with 
a  rack  on  the  deck  into  which  a  pinion  on  an  axle  in  the  drill 
frames  meshes,  operation  being  by  hand. 

Like  No.  i,  No.  2  also  has  the  convenient  arrangement 
of  steam  and  hydraulic-lift  feed  pipes  on  top  of  the  roof  of  the 
house  covering  the  boat  and  in  addition  a  similar  system  of 
pipes  for  returning  the  exhaust  to  a  hot-water  tank  in  the  hull 
of  the  boat.  (Fig.  120  shows  these  systems  of  pipes  on  the 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


267 


FIG.  119. — Buffalo  Boat  No.  2. 


FIG.  1 20. — Coal  Scow  Loading  Buffalo  Boat  No, 


268 


ROCK  DRILLING 


roof  and  Fig.  122  shows  two  of  them  in  more  detail.)  As  may 
be  readily  supposed,  this  hot-water  tank  is  intended  to  eliminate 
all  danger  of  the  hydraulic-lift  water  freezing. 

The  following  figures  for  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per 
cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  are  based  on  the  average  performance  for 
a  period  of  one  month,  52  shifts.  The  average  depth  of  holes 
was  10. i '  and  on  the  basis  of  the  holes  being  drilled  about  2.6' 
below  pay  grade  and  spaced  5'  longitudinally  and  ^V  laterally, 
the  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  have  been  figured. 

Average  for  one  month,  610  lineal  feet  drilled  per  day. 

Average  for  one  month,  305  lineal  feet  drilled  per  shift, 
assuming  equal  shifts. 

Average  for  one  month,  376  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  loosened 
per  day. 

Average  for  one  month,  188  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  loosened 
per  shift,  assuming  equal  shifts. 

COSTS 


Force. 

Rate  of  Wage, 

Cost  per 
Shift. 

Cost  per 
Foot  in 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
PayYard 
in  Cents. 

4  drillers            

$3.02^ 
2.42 

3.62 
2.42 

2-75 

$12  .  10 
9.68 

$21.78 

8.46 

2.75 
4.64 

4.25 
3-30 

7-14 

2-77 
0.90 

1.52 
i-39 
i.  08 

11.58 

4.50 
1.46 

2-47 
2.26 

i-75 

4  drillers'  helpers 

i  blacksmith 

3.62 
4.84 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers     

i  fireman     

2-75 
4.64 

4-25 
3-30 

I  foreman,  day,  per  mo.,  $121,  12.8% 
i  foreman,  night,  per  mo.,  $110,  n.7( 

7o  •  •  •  • 

Day  shift  

$40.93 

40.54 

i3-4i 
13-3° 

21.76 
21-55 

Night  shift        

Total  labor    

$81.47 
146.40 
25.20 

2  .00 

13-35 
24.00 
4.14 
°-33 

21.66 
39.00 
6.70 
0-53 

60%  dynamite  per  day,  1220  Ibs.  at  i 
Coal  per  day  8  tons  at  $3  15 

2   CtS  

Daily  total      

$255.07 
23.10 

41.82 

3-79 

67.89 
6.14 

Plant,  $30,000,  interest  and  depreciation  at  2%  per 
working  month  

SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  269 

No  account  has  been  taken  of  contractor's  overhead  charges, 
profit,  cost  of  getting  the  plant  into  operation  in  the  spring^  and 
cleaning  up  in  the  fall,  storing  equipment  in  the  winter,  legal 
expenses,  insurance,  charity,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  data  on  file  in  the 
government  office  at  Amherstburg,  Ont,  obtained  with  the  consent 
of  the  contractor.  The  items  marked  *  are  deductions  from 
the  data  on  file: 

August,  1909. 

Shifts  worked 52 

Hours  worked 553 

Hours  delay 19 

Number  of  holes I»57° 

*  Number  of  holes  per  shift 30 

Depth  of  holes,  feet 10.1 

Lineal  feet  drilled 15,850 

Dynamite  used,  60%  Ibs 3r>743 

Coal  used,  tons 2 18 

*  Feet  per  day 610 

*  Feet  per  drill. hour,  working 7.20 

*  Feet  per  drill  hour,  total 6.94 

*  Feet  per  man  hour 2.25 

Labor  per  day $81.47 

*  Labor  per  foot  drilled,  cents 13.3 

*  Coal  per  foot  drilled,  tons 0.0137  =  27.4  !bs. 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock 9,800 

*  Cubic  yards  per  day 376 

*  Cubic  yards  per  shift,  1 1  hrs 188 

*  60%  dynamite  per  lineal  foot  Gross  2.00  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.200  Ibs. 

*  60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,      Gross  3.24  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.944  Ibs. 

*  60%  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted,         Gross  2.40  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.44  Ibs. 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio—  — r— 1-31?* 

cubic  yards  pay  rock 

Buffalo  Drill  Boat  No.  i.  Observations  1909.  The  second 
of  the  Buffalo  Dredging  Company  drill  boats  working  upon  the 
western  100'  of  section  No.  3  of  the  new  Livingstone  Improve- 
ment of  the  Detroit  River  is  the  so-called  No.  i.  Built  some 
twenty  years  ago  by  the  Heman  &  Wood  Co.  of  Buffalo,  it  is 
one  of  the  oldest  drill  boats  of  this  company.  Inconvenient 
and  antiquated  as  it  is,  it  still  has  one  excellent  feature* 
which  is  that  the  steam  feed  pipes  and  the  hydraulic  lift  pipes 
for  each  drill  are  practically  out  of  the  way,  being  for  the  greater 
part  of  their  extent  upon  the  roof  of  the  boat  (see  Fig.  122).  This 


270 


ROCK  DRILLING 


FIG.  121. — Buffalo  Boat  No.  i. 


FIG.  122. — Swing  Pipe  Joints  on  Roof  of  Buffalo  Boat  No.  i. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  271 

boat  was  rebuilt  during  the  summer  of  1908,  but  is  still 
essentially  an  old  wooden  craft.  Spud  anchors,  capstans,  and 
mechanism  for  moving  the  frames  along  deck  are  all  operated  Jyy~ 
hand,  and  so  their  operation  is  very  slow  and  inconvenient. 
It  is  82 J'  long  and  25'  wide,  and  has  a  wooden  house  631X15!' 
that  covers  all  machinery  except  the  three  drills,  capstans  and 
mooring  posts.  The  hull  is  of  the  regular  wooden  scow  type 
construction,  and  the  following  description,  although  especially 
applicable  to  the  interior  bracing  of  this  boat,  will  give  a  good 
general  idea  of  the  arrangement  of  all  such  types  of  wooden 
boat. 

Spaced  72",  center  to  center,  are  12  X 12"  floor  beams  running 
transversely.  Alternate  ones  have  wooden  knee  brackets  on  their 
ends  and  the  others  have  vertical  posts.  Side  planking  is  secured  to 
these  vertical  posts  and  the  vertical  side  of  the  brackets.  Running 
lengthwise  of  the  boat  and  resting  on  the  tops  of  these  vertical  posts 
and  the  top  of  the  vertical  member  of  the  knee  are  two  6  X 10" 
timbers,  one  on  each  side.  Running  across  these  6  X 10"  members 
are  the  rafters  8X4",  and  spaced  72"  for  the  deck  planking. 
Bolted  to  the  12X12"  floor  beam  members  on  their  under  side 
are  12  Xi2"  stringers  spaced  24"  center  to  center  that  run  the  full 
length  of  the  boat  and  to  the  under  side  of  which  the  bottom 
planking  is  secured.  At  the  ends  of  these  are  posts  to  which 
the  end  planking  of  the  scow  is  attached.  The  boat  is 
divided  into  four  compartments  by  longitudinal  partitions  of  5' 
timbers.  These  are  by  no  means  water-tight,  but  they  simply 
stiffen  the  boat  and  furnish  additional  support  for  the  deck 
rafters.  It  may  also  be  added  that  between  the  12X12"  floor 
beams  to  which  the  12X12"  longitudinal  stringers  are  attached 
are  12X4"  timbers  running  across  the  boat,  whose  only  function 
seems  to  be  to  furnish  additional  transverse  stiffness  to  the 
boat.  Into  each  of  the  longitudinal  partitions  are  cut  holes 
2X2'  to  afford  access  from  one  compartment  to  another. 

The  boat  is  equipped  with  three  Ingersoll-Rand  drills,  Type 
H  61.  Each  frame  has  a  range  of  6  holes,  their  spacing  along 
deck  being  4'.  Running  along  the  deck  are  two  25-lb.  rails  upon 
which  the  frames  slide.  One  of  these  rails  is  near  the  outer 


272  ROCK  DRILLING 

edge  of  the  boat  and  the  other  about  3^'  from  it.  Upon  the 
deck  midway  between  these  two  rails  is  a  rack  5"  wide  into 
which  a  5"  cog  wheel  meshes,  secured  to  an  axle  in  the  frame  of 
each  drill.  This  cog  wheel  is  given  the  necessary  rotary  motion 
by  means  of  a  crowbar  in  the  hands  of  the  driller  and  his  helper. 

The  steel  bits  used  in  drilling  average  33'  in  length  and  some 
400  Ibs.  in  weight.  The  upper  half  of  the  bit  is  2"  steel,  circular 
section,  and  the  lower  half  2  J".  The  point  of  the  bit  is  of  hard 
octagonal  tool  steel,  24"  long  and  2 J"  in  diameter.  When  sharpened 
and  ready  for  use  the  bit  is  4^"  across  and  this  shape:  +. 
These  bits  will  usually  dig  15  holes  without  repointing,  but  of 
course  accidents  frequently  happen,  causing  much  more  frequent 
sharpening.  When  the  steel,  for  any  reason,  has  to  be  changed, 
the  handling  of  it  is  by  hand  up  to  the  point  where  the  workmen 
shove  its  end  into  the  house.  Here  a  hook  fastened  to  a  small 
trolley  that  slides  on  a  suspended  steel  bar  2Xj"  assists,  and 
for  the  same  purpose  there  are  also  two  blocks  and  tackle. 

This  boat  is  also  equipped  with  the  mud  pipe  as  described 
on  No.  5,  but  its  section  is  so  small  that  before  a  drilled  hole 
can  be  charged  the  bit  must  be  released  from  its  clutch  and  drawn 
up  by  hand  till  its  end  is  clear  of  the  pipe.  This  is  necessary, 
because  there  is  not  room  at  the  same  time  for  both  charger  and 
bit.  The  time  consumed  to  thus  take  out  and  sling  up  a  bit 
preparatory  to  loading  is  5  min. 

DRILL  DATA.     Type  of  drill,  Ingersoll-Rand  H  61. 
Diameter  of  piston,  5^". 
Stroke  obtained,  7". 
Lift,  about  18'. 
U-chuck. 

Steam  pressure,  100  Ibs.  at  boiler. 
Speed  of  drill,  about  300  strokes. 

The  drills  are  raised  in  their  frames  by  hydraulic  lifts,  the 
feed  pipes  of  which  are  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length  on 
the  roof  of  the  house  covering  the  boat. 

Bits  have  h&rd  octagonal  tool  steel  points,  4^"  diameter. 

Drill  steel,  circular  section,  2  and  2j". 

Steel  handled  by  men  with  the  aid  of  a  hook  fastened  to  a 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  273 

small  trolley  that  slides  on  a  suspended  steel  bar,  section  2X-J". 
There  are  also  two  blocks  and  tackle  whereby  the  steel  can  be 
more  readily  handled. 

Steel  tempered  till  file  will  not  touch. 

Three-eighths  inch  water  jet  cleans  hole. 

Worthington  pump,  12X5^X10"  furnishes  water  to  jets. 

Speed  of  pump  fluctuates  when  the  machines  are  raised  or 
lowered. 

Water  pressure  is  425  Ibs.;  but  dare  not  turn  on  full. 

The  washout  pipe  has  5'  of  f"  pipe,  reducing  to  14'  of  J", 
which  in  turn  reduces  to  10'  of  f".  A  rubber  hose  i"  in  diameter 
forms  a  flexible  coupling  between  the  J"  pipe  and  a  i"  feed  pipe. 

Holes  are  about  6'  deep,  and  5^"  in  diameter. 

Longitudinal  spacing  of  holes,  4'. 

Lateral  spacing  of  holes,  4'. 

Generally  a  washout  pipe  is  not  used.  However,  when  one 
machine  gets  behind  it  is  enabled  to  catch  up  by  means  of  the 
washout  water. 

Material  drilled  is  limestone,  with  about  2.J-'  of  sand  on 
top.  Streaks  of  hard  rock. 

Holes  blasted  26X18  plus  24  =  492;  26  rows  of  18  each, 
plus  24  extra  ones  for  closer  spacing  on  outside  rows. 

Potts  powder  used,  60%. 

Sticks  of  powder  are  2X8"  and  weigh  ij  Ibs.  each. 

Twelve  sticks  are  used  per  hole. 

Use  a  blasting  machine,  but  have  a  dry  battery  in  reserve 
for  firing  holes. 

One  blaster  and  foreman,  also  runner  and  helper  do  the 
blasting. 

Three  drills  compose  the  outfit. 

Oswego  marine,  2-fire  boiler. 

Gauge  pressure  at  boiler,  100  Ibs. 

Length  of  feed  pipe,  about  50',  from  steam  chest  to  main. 

Diameter  of  main,  3". 

Length  of  contract,  750  good  working  days. 

Ten-hour  day  and  1 2-hour  night  shifts  are  worked. 

Two  shifts. 


274  ROCK  DRILLING 

Day  shift: 

3  drillers at  $3.02!=  $9.07^  per  shift 

3  drillers'  helpers at    2.42  =  7.26 

1  blacksmith at    3 . 62  =  3 . 62 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers at    2  . 42  =  4 . 84 

i  fireman at    2  .  75  =  2.75 

i  foreman  at  $12 1  per  month 4 . 65  =  4 . 65  per  day 

i  blaster at    3 . 30  =  3 . 30  per  shift 


Total =  $35.49^ 

Night  shift: 

3  drillers at  $3.02^  =  $9.07^  per  night 

3  drillers'  helpers at    2  . 42    =     7.26  " 

i  blaster at    3 . 30   =  3 . 30  " 

i  fireman at    2.75   =     2.75  " 

i  foreman,  $110  per  month at    4.25  =     4.25  " 


Total =  $26 . 63^       " 

3  5. 49  J  day  shift 


$62 . 13  both  shifts 

The  contract  price  is  $2.80  per  cubic  yard  for  rock  and  50 
cts.  per  cubic  yard  for  earth. 

As  said  before,  each  drill  bit  consists  of  three  parts.  The 
blacksmith  has  to  make  all  these  welds  and  keep  the  bits  sharpened 
and  in  shape. 

Eight  tons  coal  used  per  24  hrs.  =  2666  Ibs.  per  drill  per  shift. 

Ten  gallons  of  oil  used  per  day=i3J  pints  per  drill  per 
shift. 

The  coal  is  bought  at  the  Amherstburg  dock.  It  is  loaded 
by  clamshell  buckets  into  square  dump  boxes.  These  dump 
boxes  are  placed  in  four  rows  on  board  a  scow.  In  the  center 
of  the  scow,  on  the  deck,  and  between  the  buckets  (two  rows 
on  each  side)  there  is  a  track  on  which  a  crane  moves  back 
and  forth.  A  tug  takes  the  scow  and  its  load  of  coal  boxes 
out  to  the  drill  boats.  Then  the  crane  lifts  each  dump  bucket 
by  its  bail  until  it  hangs  suspended  over  the  coal  chute  in  the 
roof.  Workmen  then  release  the  catch  on  the  dump  box  and 
it  empties  its  coal  into  the  bunker.  The  scow  carries  enough 
coal  on  one  trip  to  supply  the  four  boats  of  the  Buffalo  fleet 
two  days,  making  a  trip  every  other  day  (see  Fig.  120). 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  275 

Coal  costs  $3.15  at  the  dock. 

The  company  owns  its  own  tug  and  considers  the  cost  of 
handling  to  be  nothing.  If  this  work  had  to  be  paid  for,  handling 
would  cost  35  cts.  a  ton. 

No  figures  are  kept  as  to  repairs. 

Each  boat  has  a  day  and  a  night  foreman,  and  besides  a  super- 
intendent for  the  four  boats.  Day  foreman  at  15.1%  of  the  day 
wages;  night  foreman  at  19%  of  the  night  wages. 

Men  live  ashore. 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  the  plant,  valued  at  $25,000,  at 
2%  per  working  month  =  $9.61  per  shift. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  equipment  is  given  below: 

Boat,  82 y  wooden  scow  type  hull. 

One  cutter. 

One  powder  boat. 

Three  mounted  drills  and  equipment. 

One  spare  drill. 

Four  spud  anchors. 

Two  hand  windlasses. 

One  forge. 

One  anvil. 

One  marine  boiler. 

One  injector. 

One  auxiliary  boiler  feed  pump,  Hughes,  4^X5. 

One  Worthington  pump,  12X5^X10",  425  Ibs. 

Eleven  drill  steels. 

One  bench,  vise  and  pipe  clamp. 

One  acetylene  gas  outfit. 

One  feed-water  filter. 

One  closet. 

The  following  figures  for  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per 
cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  are  based  on  the  average  performance  for  14 
days,  or  28  shifts  of  n  hrs.  The  average  depth  of  hole  is  taken 
as  5-37'-  The  holes  are  drilled  about  1.37'  below  pay  grade  and 
the  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  are  figured  on  that  basis. 


276 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Average  for  14  days,   468  lin.ft.  drilled  per  day. 

Average  for  28  shifts,  234  lin.ft.  per  shift,  assuming  equal  shifts. 

Average  for  14  days,   206  cubic  pay  yards  per  day. 

Average  for  28  shifts,  103  cubic  pay  yards  per  shift. 

COSTS 


Force. 

Rates 
of  Wages. 

Cost  per 
Shift. 

Cost  per 
Foot 
in  Cents. 

Cost  per 
Pay  Yard 
in  Cents. 

3  drillers            

$3  -02  J 
2.42 
3-3° 

2-75 
4.65     15.1% 
3.62 
2.42 
4.25     19.0% 

$9-07i 
7.26 

3-3° 
2-75 
4-65 
3.62 
4.84 
4-25 

3.88 
3.IO 
1.41 
I.I7 
1.99 

J-55 
2.07 
1.82 

8.82 

7-05 
3.20 
2.67 
4-52 
3-52 

4-7° 
4-13 

3  drillers'  helpers                            .  •» 

i  blaster        

i  fireman                                   .... 

i  foreman,  $121  per  month,     .   .. 

i  blacksmith                           ,.  . 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers       

i  foreman,  $i  10  per  month  

12  men   day  shift 

$35-49* 
26.63* 

i5-i7 
11.38 

34-48 
25-87 

9  men   night  shift         

Total  labor                      .             .          

$62.13 

19.22 
138.60 
25.20 
4.00 

13.28 

4.11 
29.60 
5-40 
0.85 

30.18 

9-34 
67.20 
12.25 
1.94 

Plant  at  $25,000,  interest  and  depreciation  at  2%  per 
•working  month                                        

6o%>  dynamite   1155  Ibs  at  12  cts 

Coal  8  tons  at  $3  15 

Oil,  10.0  gals,  at  40  cts      

Total              

$249.15 

53-24 

120.91 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  record  for  this  boat  for 
the  last  two  weeks  in  August  as  found  in  the  government  office 
at  Amherstburg,  Ont.,  used  with  permission  of  the  contractor. 
The  items  marked  *  are  deductions  from  the  data  on  file. 

Shifts  work  n  hrs 28 

Hours  worked 298 

Hours  idle 10 

Number  of  holes 1,2 19 

*  Number  of  holes  per  shift 43 

Lineal  feet  drilled 6,555 

Depth  of  holes,  feet 5.4 

Dynamite,  Ibs.,  60% 16,960 

Coal,  tons 112 

*  Feet  per  day 468 

*  Feet  per  shift 234 

*  Feet  per  drill  hour,  working 7.33 

*Feet  per  drill  hour.,  including  delays 7. 10 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  277 

*  Feet  per  man  hour 2.02 

Labor  per  day $62.13 

*  Labor  per  foot  drilled,  cts 13.3 

*  Coal  per  foot  drilled,  tons 0.0171  =  34.2  Ibs. 

*  Coal  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  tons 0.0388  =  77.6  Ibs. 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock 2,890 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  day 206 

*  Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift 103 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  are  figured  as  follows:  Holes  are  5.37' 
deep,  4'  of  which  depth  is  pay  depth.  Spacing  is  4  X^f.  Number 
of  holes  1219.  4X4X4X1219  =  78,000  cubic  feet  =  2890  cubic 
pay  yards. 

*  Dynamite  60%  per  lineal  foot,  Gross  2.59  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  1.55  ibs. 

*  Dynamite  60%  per  cubic  yard  pay,  Gross  5.87  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  3.52  Ibs. 

*  Dynamite  60%  per  cubic  yard  blasted,     Gross  4.37  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  2.62  Ibs. 

Cubic  yards  blasted 

*  Ratio— —  -  =  i.34 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock 


CHAPTER   XIII 
SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING— Continued 

Improving  Black  Rock  Harbor  and  Channel  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.1  The  Buffalo  Dredging  Co.  and  Empire  Engineering 
Corporation  are  engaged  upon  this  work  of  improvement; 
350,000  cu.  yds.  of  material  are  to  be  removed.  Of  this  22%, 
or  81,000  cu.  yds.,  is  sand,  gravel,  clay  and  boulders,  and  in 
addition  there  are  269,000  cu.  yds.  of  limestone  and  flint  bed  rock. 
The  flint  is  very  hard  material  to  drill  and  difficult  to  blast. 
For  the  latter  reason  the  3'  6"  holes  are  spaced  very  closely  together 
(3X2').  In  the  limestone  the  spacing  is  6X5' and  depth  10'  9" 
and  9'  9",  all  holes  being  3^".  Monthly  estimates  are  made  by 
scow  measurement  in  order  to  get  a  rough  idea  of  the  amounts  due 
the  contractors.  At  the  end  of  the  season  accurate  surveys  are  made 
and  errors  corrected.  The  new  channel  is  to  be  23'  deep  and 
4020'  long  by  200  to  240'  in  width.  The  contract  price  for  rock 
above  23'  grade  is  $2.70  per  cubic  yard.  Holes  are  drilled  2' 
below  pay  grade. 

The  following  data  and  deductions  are  kept  in  separate 
columns  for  each  different  depth  of  hole.  Special  attention  is 
called  to  the  enormous  increase  in  unit  costs  for  the  short  closely 
spaced  holes  in  the  flint  bed  rock. 

1  Data  collected  by  Mr.  Gilbert  H.   Gilbert. 

278 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


279 


FIG.  123. — Black  Rock  Harbor. 


FIG.  124. — Black  Rock  Harbor,  Buffalo.     Empire  Engineering  Corporation. 


280 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Five  Ingersoll-Rand  drills,  6|".      Material,  limestone  and    flint    bed    rock. 
Bed  rock  holes,  3^",  drilled  2'  below  pay  grade. 


Depth  10'  9". 

9'  9"- 

3'  6". 

Shifts  worked  1  1  hrs 

28* 

C2 

22i 

Hours  worked  

208 

CC2  • 

272 

Hours  delay  

1C 

22 

1C 

Number  of  holes  

^32 

1,678 

QQQ 

Lineal  feet  drilled  

S726 

IC.224 

3480 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock 

c.i8o 

14,450 

•7-27 

Gly.  4014  Ibs. 

Gly.  11,172  Ibs. 

Gly.  2  58  Ibs. 

=  6690 
114 

=  18,620 
208 

=     43° 
90 

Labor,  per  shift  

$46.38 

$46.38 

$46.38 

Lineal  feet  per  shift  

2OI 

203 

I"vd    C. 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hr.,  working.  . 
Lineal  feet  per  man  hr  .  .  ... 

3.85 
J.4 

5-51 
1.62 

3-0 

O  Q24 

Labor  per  foot  drilled  

23.OQ 

ic.Sc. 

3O.l6 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift.  .  .  . 
Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hr.  . 
Labor  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock  
Coal  per  foot  drilled  in  Ibs.  .... 

182 
3-32 
2543 

30.  80 

278 
5.06 
16.68 
27.30 

14.8 
0.269 
3I3.50 

51  & 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift,  Ibs  
Dynamite  per  lineal  foot  drilled  .  .  . 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock 
Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  loosened 

Total  cost  per  lin.ft.  drilled  exclu- 
sive of  dynamite  and  explod.,cts 
Total  cost  per  cu.yd.  pay  including 
all  items  before  listed  cts 

1600 
1.17  Ibs. 
Gly.  0.70  Ib. 
1.29  Ibs. 
Gly.  0.7  7  Ib. 
1.05  Ibs. 
Gly.o.63lb. 

38.26 

6l  QO 

1600 

1.22  Ibs., 

Gly.  0.73  Ib. 
1.29  Ibs. 
Gly.  0.77  Ib. 
1.03  Ibs. 
Gly.  0.62  Ib. 

26.26 

CJo  OI 

1600 
0.12  Ib. 
Gly.  0.07  Ib. 
1.29  Ibs. 
Gly.  0.77  Ib. 
0.55  Ib. 
Gly.  0.33  Ib. 

49.90 

C.C7  2O 

Same  per  cubic  yard  blasted.,  cts.  . 
^pacing  of  holes 

50.40 
6'XS* 

39-70 

6'x=;' 

Oo  I  -6^ 
239.00 
2f  V  2' 

Ratio  cubic  yards  blasted  to  cubic 
yards  pay 

122 

1  258 

•*  s\6 
2   11 

•*"65 

NOTE.  The  difference  in  cost  between  the  10'  9"  and  9'  9"  holes  is  due 
to  variations  in  the  hardness  of  the  rock.  The  large  increase  in  cost  per  lineal 
foot  of  the  3'  6"  holes  is  due  to  hardness  of  material  and  the  enormous  increase 
in  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  is  due  to  the  small  yardage  per  foot  drilled  due  to 
close  spacing  of  holes. 


The  following  figures  for  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per 
cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  loosened  are  based  on  the  average  perform- 
ance as  follows: 


SUBAQEUOUS  DRILLING 


281 


^^ 


<-"^   .ti 

O    *-o        J3 
CO    fO         cfl 

S^SJ 

-£  a 

£>  <A    m 
5  H*P 

CX,  4)    M 

r^      CX^ 


a  4J-T3  4-.  -^ 

2    o     %^%.% 

5  w  -  >.-  -§ 

rt   o   rt   o 

§       |ll^ 

U)  H-l  CJl-lPU 


.r 
i 


OJ         f  ]         C^     LO 

fi     Q       «    t 

fi    "     K»^4f 


"ffl 

3 

£ 

T 
1 

*o> 

I 
"o 

pi 

8O  0   0   0 
M    COO    •* 

4                 t^-  <N  00    w 

000 

M   00      W 

co 

000 

0         0 

co        0 

10        o 

0 

V 
\r. 

Per  Foot 
Cents. 

M               00    tOO    w 
vO               rr  w   t-  0 

t--                    10   0)     M     CO 

CO  10  <S 

o'od  H' 

CO 

00   "t    M 

Ov  co  0 

co        Ov 

t*~ 
I/ 

<D^H    W 

O              t  Gv  Ov  r-» 

00              O   w   OvvO 

Ov              co  M   0   w 

VO    £8v 
vO   4  0 

<M   0   w 

M    1000 

oi  Ov  0 

CO           t 

T         Ov 
(M         10 

y. 

8  « 

S,              0 

o\ 

0  £  £• 

woo  0 

O        10 

V 

0     M     OV  10 

N    w   O    w 

oo  cooo 
io  4  o 

"o 

•3 

w 

^^o 

P-I 

Ov           vo  00  10  10 

co  w   r^ 
•*  Ov  co 
uivo  w 

M    10  OS 

I-  0  t- 

co  Ov  0 

co       00 

a 

•c 

« 

CO          t^ 

>o 

V} 

111 

H 

COVO     M 

i-° 

1 
1 

J 

M 

H 

00      •       • 

o 

10 

<fr 

0 

10 

<s 

t^              0 

^  CO  M 

'lO 
0 

f 

vC 

^ 
« 

TvO    10 

•   H     N 

i 

H          VQ  00 

co  M'  4 

:•: 

1 

CS    W          W    N 

O    »0  10 

Interest  and  depreciation  at  2%  per  working  month  on  plant 
estimated  at  $40.000  .  . 

H 

* 

1 

cv)  OS       rt  cS 

rt  rt  ca 

1 
i 

crj 

Total  drilling  per  shift  
60%  dynamite,  1.29  Ibs.  per  yard  loosened  at  12  cts.  It 
Exploders  0.214  per  yard  loosened  at  3  cts  

Total  drilliner  and  blasting  .  . 

5  drillers  

J  1 

!fl 

i  blaster  
i  fireman  
i  foreman  

Total  labor  .  . 

d 
o 
o 

g 

1 

38 
Si 

11 

Is 

s;    g 


" 


282  ROCK  DRILLING 

Hay  Lake  and  Neebish  Channels,  Improvement  of  St. 
Mary's  River,  Mich.  Section  4.  Standard  Contracting  Co., 
Cleveland  Ohio,  Contractors.1  The  area  to  be  improved  covers 
190,000  sq.  yds.;  is  5400'  in  length  by  875'  in  width,  gradually 
reducing  to  300'.  The  depth  of  the  channel  is  to  be  22'.  Side 
slopes  i  to  i.  The  average  cutting  is  1.5'  to  22'  grade.  The 
estimated  quantities  to  22'  grade  are  60,700  cu.  yds.;  between  22 
and  23',  43,000  yds.  Price  per  cubic  yard  above  22'  is  $2.95,  and 
between  22  and  23',  half  that  price.  Monthly  estimates  of  90% 
are  paid.  The  contract  was  dated  Aug.  12,  1908,  and  called  for 
the  completion  of  the  work  in  275  working  days,  Dec.  i  to  April 
i  not  included. 

The  rock  formation  is  hard  limestone,  broken  or  loose  rock, 
and  glacial  drift.  At  this  point  the  rock  has  been  blasted  and 
dredged  before,  3'  having  been  removed  by  contract  at  $2.43 
per  cubic  yard. 

The  plant  employed  consists  of  3  drill  boats  mounting  8 
Ingersoll-Rand  5^"  drills,  2  dredges,  4  dump  scows,  i  floating 
derrick,  and  2  tugs.  The  estimated  value  of  the  plant  is  as  follows : 
drill  boats,  $34,000,  dredges,  $45,000,  dump  scows  $30,000, 
derrick,  $6,000,  tugs,  $10,000.  Total,  $125,000.  The  drill  boats 
are  of  the  Lake  type,  the  lifts  being  operated  by  hydraulic  power. 
The  wooden  hulls  are  98'X25'X6',  9o/X3o/X6',  and  65'Xi6'X 
5'  6"  fitted  with  spuds  operated  by  hand,  and  drill  frames  operated 
two  by  hand  and  one  by  hydraulic  power.  Two  boats  carry  three 
drills  each  and  the  third  carries  two.  The  drill  steels  are  34' 
long  and  2"  diam.,  machinery  steel.  The  bit  points  are  of  2j" 
steel,  24"  long,  welded  onto  the  2"  steel.  Bits  lose  \"  gauge  in  80'. 

The  drill  boats  are  operated  22  hrs.  a  day  in  2  shifts  of  10 
and  12  hrs.  The  day  crews  number  35,  night  crews  29  men. 
Smiths  do  not  work  at  night. 

In  the  following  synopsis  of  costs  no  account  has  been  taken 
of  contractor's  preparatory  charges,  getting  the  plant  into  com- 
mission in  the  spring,  cleaning  up  in  the  fall,  storing  in  the  winter, 
insurance,  accidents,  charities,  legal,  medical  expenses,  etc. 

1  Data  obtained  by  Mr.  Gilbert  H.    Gilbert. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


283 


The  following  figures  for  costs  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per 
cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  loosened  are  based  on  the  total  performaace- 
of  the  three  boats,  mounting  8  drills,  for  a  period  of  one  month  or 
550  hrs.  labor  and  406  hrs.  actually  operating.  The  average  depth 
of  hole  is  5'.  The  number  of  cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  loosened 
has  been  based  upon  the  holes  being  drilled  2\'  below  grade 
and  spaced  5X6'. 

BASIS   OF   COSTS 

Material,    hard    limestone.     Drills,    8.      Hours,    406.      No.    of   holes,    1925. 
Lineal  feet  drilled,  9625.     Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock  loosened,  5360. 


Force. 

Rate. 
Cents. 

Hrs. 

Amount. 

Per  Linea 
Foot, 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.yd. 
Pay, 
In  Cents. 

8  drillers                                 at 

*7i 

22 

3° 
25 

33 

22 

35 
local 
iver.  2 

406 
406 

406 

550 
203 
203 

250 
local 

'.i% 

$893  .  20 
714.56 
$1607.76 
$365.40          365.40 
412.50          412.50 
I33-98 
89.32 

16.70 

3.80 
4-29 

2.32 
0.91 
1.04 
7-79 

30.00 
6.82 

7.70 

4.16 
1.63 

1.86 
14.00 

8  drillers'  helpers  at 

3  blasters     at 

3  firemen  at 

2  blacksmiths                         at 

2  blacksmiths'  helpers..  .  .  at 
i  machinist  at 

223  .30 
$    87.50             87.50 
100.00          IOO.OO 

750.00     750.00 

Carpenters                              at 

6  foremen  at  $125  per  month,  i 
Total  labor  drilled 

$3  ^46  4.6 

36.85 

15-40 
0.31 
0.42 
0.78 

66.17 

27.60 
0.56 

•75 
1.40 

Coal  (20  days  at  23  tons)  (n  days  at  i  ton) 
=  471  tons  at  $3  15 

1480  oo 

Smith's  coal  ^  

?o  oo 

Oil               .    . 

4O    OO 

Steel  

75;  oo 

Total  supplies      

$1625  oo 

16.91 
53-76 
14.40 
0.78 

3Q-31 
96.48 
25.88 
1.40 

Total  drilling  and  supplies 

^171    4.6 

Dynamite,  60%,  11,550  Ibs.  at  12  cts. 
Exploders   2500  at  3  cts   each 

1386  oo 

7  ^  OO 

Total  blasting  drilling  supplies 
Office  and  superintendent 

$663  2    46 

68.94 
2.60 

7.07 

123.76 
4.66 

12.69 

2  50  .  OO 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant  estir 
at  $34,000  at  2%  per  working  mon 

Operation   grand  total 

lated 
th... 

680.00 

.<B!'7c69    A  6 

78.61 

141.11 

NOTE.     3216  pay  yards  were  above  22'  and  received  full  rate. 

2 144  pay  yards  were  between  22'  and  23'  and  received  one-half  full  rate. 
5360  yards  were  below  23'  and  received  no  pay  at  all. 


284  ROCK  DRILLING 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  performance  data 
secured  on  the  job  with  deductions  therefrom: 

Eight    Ingersoll-Rand    drills,    5^".     Material,    hard    limestone.     Holes,    4" 
diam.     Depths'.     Below  pay  2  J'. 

Average  shifts  worked 37 

Hours  worked 406 

Number  of  holes 1925 

Depth  of  holes,  ft 5 

Lineal  feet  drilled 9625 

Spacing  of  holes,  ft 5X6 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock 53°o 

Dynamite,  60% 1 1,550  Ibs.,  glycerine  6930  Ibs. 

Coal,  tons 471 

Labor  per  shift  (average) $95.20 

Lineal  feet  per  shift  (average  1 1  hrs.) 260 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hr 2 .96 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hour  (average  31  men  per  shift) 0.762 

Labor  per  foot  drilled,  in  cts 36.850 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift 144.8 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hr 1.65 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  foot  drilled °>557 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  of  pay  rock  in  cts 66.17 

Coal  per  drill  per  shift  in  Ibs 3180 

Coal  per  foot  drilled,  Ibs , 97.9 

Dynamite  per  foot  drilled i. 20  Ibs.,  glycerine  0.72  Ib. 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock 2.15  Ibs.,  glycerine  1.29  Ibs. 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  of  rock  blasted... .    1.07  Ibs.,  glycerine  0.64  Ib. 

Ratio  cubic  yards  blasted  to  cubic  yards  pay 2.00 

Office  and  superintendence  per  shift $6.75 

Office  and  superintendence  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  cts 2.60 

Office  and  superintendence  per  cubic  yard  of  pay,  cts 4.66 

Interest  and  depreciation  per  shift $18.40 

Interest  and  depreciation  per  drill  per  shift $2.30 

Interest  and  depreciation  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  cts 7-°7 

Interest  and  depreciation  per  cubic  yard  pay,  cts 12 .69 

Total  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  all  items  including  loading,  but 

exclusive  of  dynamite  and  exploders,  cts 63.43 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  including  all  items,  cts 141.11 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  blasted,  cts 7°-53 

Improving  Ahnapee  Harbor,  Wisconsin.1  The  unusual 
feature  of  this  work  was  that  instead  of  a  regular  drill  boat,  a 
scow  was  used  mounted  with  tripod  drills.  The  scow  was  fitted 
up  with  four  spuds  operated  by  hand.  The  tripods  were  mounted 
on  the  side  of  the  scow  and  were  equipped  with  four  No.  5 
Ingersoll  drills. 

1  Data  obtained  by  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  285 

The  rock  formation  was  limestone  of  an  average  cut  of 
8'  4"  to  obtain  a  channel  13'  in  depth;  9  Ibs.  of  dynamite  were 
used  in  each  hole  in  about  equal  proportions  of  40,  60,  and  75%. 

Lineal  feet  drilled 7426 

Depth  of  holes 8' 4" 

Number  of  holes 890 

Spacing  of  holes 6X4' 

6X4X7426 
Cubic  yards  loosened =  6600 

27 

Total  dynamite  at  9  Ibs.  per  hole: 

8010  Ibs.,  or  40%  2670  Ibs.,  60%  2670  Ibs.,  75%  2670  Ibs. 

Total  nitro-lycerin 4670  Ibs. 

Dynamite  per  lineal  foot 1.08  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  0.63  Ib. 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted 1.21  Ibs.,  nitroglycerin  0.71  Ib. 

The  total  dredging  (scow  measurement) 10,765  cu.yds. 

Cubic  yards  blasted 6600 

scow  measurement 

Ratio  of • — -=  1.63 

measurement  in  place 

Cost  estimated  from  scow  measurement  as  follows: 

Drilling  and  blasting $0.64 

Dredging 0.427 

Taking  the  above  ratio  of  scow  measurement  to  measurement 
in  place,  the  costs  per  cubic  yard  in  place  are  as  follows: 

Drilling  and  blasting $1.042 

Dredging °'695 

Ratio  of  lineal  feet  drilled  to  cubic  yards  in  place  being  1.124, 
the  cost  of  drilling  and  blasting  per  lineal  foot,  is  $0.92. 

Ship  Channel  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  through  the 
Galops  Rapids.1  Gilbert  Bros.  Engineering  Co.,  Montreal, 
Contractors.  The  work  consisted  of  the  removal  of  a  very 
hard  limestone  bed  rock  by  the  submarine  drilling  and  blasting 
process  to  form  a  channel  17'  deep  and  200' wide.  The  contract 
price  was  $8.40  per  cubic  yard.  The  limestone  occurred  in  heavy 
strata  from  20  to  30"  in  depth.  The  length  of  the  channel  was 
3300'  and  the  aggregate  length  of  shoals  worked  over  was  1800'. 
The  boundary  between  Canada  and  the  United  States  runs 
through,  and  in  the  direction  of,  this  channel. 

These  rapids  commence  about  seven  miles  below  Prescott, 
Ont,  and  extend  downstream  ij  miles.  They  are  caused  by 
1  Data  from  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 


286 


ROCK  DRILLING 


a  ledge  of  limestone  7800'  in  width  that  extends  the  width  of 
the  river  at  this  point.  The  current  varies  from  8  to  12  miles 
per  hour,  and  the  water  is  broken  and  turbulent,  with  large 
breakers,  eddies,  and  strong  cross  currents. 

The  drilling  plant  consisted  of  one  drill  boat  designed  to  meet 
the  conditions.  It  carried  four  5"  drills  and  was  fitted  with  four 
20  X2o"  power-controlled  spuds  with  gear  and  drums  for  handling 
five  ij"  breasting  chains.  One  of  these  chains  led  upstream  and 


FIG.  125. — Galops  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence  River.     Gilbert  Bros.  Engineering  Co.» 

Contractors. 

two  over  either  side,  each  having  anchors  attached  weighing  from 
15  to  20  cwt.  apiece. 

Forward  of  amidships  in  the  hull  of  the  boat  were  four  slots 
or  wells  1 8'  long,  by  18"  wide,  by  the  depth  of  the  boat.  The  drilling 
was  done  through  these  wells.  The  drill  frames  carrying  steel 
drill  spuds  with  pipe  guides  for  the  drill  bars  were  capable  of 
being  moved  the  length  of  the  wells,  thus  permitting  a  number 
of  holes  to  be  drilled  by  each  drill  without  shifting  the  position 
of  the  vessel.  It  was  found  that  the  work  could  be  effected 
much  more  expeditiously  by  keeping  the  boat  steady  and  in  a 
fixed  position. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  287 

To  maintain  the  drill  boat  in  the  fixed  position  essential  to  the 
operation  of  the  drills,  to  adapt  the  spud  and  breasting  gear  to 
the  rapid  maneuvring  of  the  vessel  in  shifting  position  ^anTt 
avoiding  the  large  timber  rafts  shooting  the  rapids,  and  to 
obtain  competent  workmen  who  would  risk  the  evident  dangers 
of  the  situation,  were  some  of  the  preliminary  difficulties  to  be 
overcome.  Owing  to  the  mechanical  and  other  modifications  that 
were  found  to  be  necessary  to  better  adapt  the  plant  to  the  con- 
ditions, the  first  season's  operations  resulted  in  the  accomplish- 
ment of  but  little  work. 

Because  of  the  unusual  and  difficult  circumstances  under 
which  the  drilling  was  carried  on,  the  cost  of  operation  was 
greatly  increased.  Holes  were  drilled  and  blasted  in  batches  of 
four.  Loading  and  blasting,  shifting  the  vessel  for  blasting  and 
setting  up  consumed  a  large  portion  of  the  time.  As  the  depth 
of  water  in  a  rapid  will  not  increase  to  the  same  extent  as  that 
to  which  the  bed  of  the  stream  is  lowered,  and  as  the  slope  or  inclina- 
tion of  grade  had  to  be  provided  for,  much  time  otherwise  available 
for  drilling  was  used  up  in  placing  and  setting  up  the  vessel  with 
the  necessary  accuracy.  To  insure  this  precision  of  position  of 
the  drill  boat,  instrument  men  were  posted  ashore  at  ranges  or 
targets  to  indicate  the  exact  position  required.  Depth  of  holes 
in  each  position  was  obtained  and  recorded  by  an  engineer 
aboard  and  accuracy  in  records  and  drill  boat  position  was  main- 
tained throughout  the  work. 

Wire  cables  were  tried  as  breasting  lines,  but  it  was  found 
that  the  force  of  the  current  caused  the  wires  to  become  foul  of 
the  rocks.  In  shifting  position  it  frequently  occurred  that  the 
cables  became  disentangled  from  the  rock,  causing  a  sudden 
slacking  of  the  cable.  This  permitted  the  vessel  to  sheer,  either 
breaking  the  cable  or  endangering  the  vessel.  In  the  event  of 
the  vessel  getting  crossways  of  the  current  with  the  cables  holding, 
the  inevitable  result  would  have  been  to  capsize  the  vessel  or  break 
the  cables.  The  breasting  gear  was  so  arranged,  in  case  of  the 
vessel  sheering  dangerously,  that  all  side  cables  or  chains  were 
let  go  and  allowed  to  run  free.  To  obviate  fouling  on  the  bottom 
and  to  do  away  with  the  shock  when  wire  cables  became  taut, 


288  ROCK  DRILLING 

a  ij"  chain  weighing  84  Ibs.  per  fathom,  tested  to  44  tons  breaking 
strain,  was  substituted  for  the  wire.  The  chain,  while  more 
cumbersome  to  handle  owing  to  its  greater  weight,  was  less 
subject  to  the  effect  of  the  current,  and  was  less  severe  on  the  breast- 
ing gear,  the  weight  of  the  bight  permitting  an  amount  of  spring 
or  elasticity. 

The  general  rule  observed  in  drilling  and  blasting  this  rock 
was  to  drill  below  grade  to  a  depth  equal  to  half  the  distance  the 
holes  were  apart.  (Never  spaced  more  than  6'  centers.)  The 
weight  of  dynamite  was  equivalent  to  i  Ib.  of  nitroglycerin  per 
cubic  yard  of  rock,  measuring  from  the  bottom  of  the  hole. 
This  rule  produced  the  most  satisfactory  results,  any  points  that 
may  have  been  found  above  grade  in  dredging  could  invariably 
be  accounted  for  by  reference  to  the  record,  a  bad  shot  or  miss- 
fire  usually  being  indicated. 

COST  OF  OPERATING  DRILL  BOAT— (LOCAL  WAGES) 

Labor  (12  hrs.  per  day) 

One  captain  $100,  and  board  $12 $112  .00 

Four  drillers,  $75,  and  board  $12 348 .00 

Four  drillers'  helpers,  $30  and  board  $12 168.00 

One  fireman  $30,  and  board  $12 42  .00 

One  machinist  $65,  and  board  $12 77 .00 

One  smith  $70,  and  board  $12 82  .  oo 

One  smith's  helper  $30,  and  board  $12 42  .00 

One  blaster,  $60  and  board  $12 72  .00 

One  blaster's  helper  $35,  and  board  $12 47 .00 

One  cook  $30,  and  board  $12 42  .00 

16  $1032 .00 

Coal,  60  tons  per  month,  $4.00 240 .00 

Oil  and  waste 40.00 

Smith's  coal 15 .00 

Steel,  iron,  and  smith's  supplies 52  .00 

347.00 


Labor,  fuel,  etc.,  per  month $1379 .00 

Cost  per  drill  hour $i .  105 

The  average  depth  drilled  per  hour  per  drill  was  2.25'. 
The  cost  per  foot  of  drilling  was  49.  i  cts. 
The  depth  of  cutting  was  from  nothing  to  n'. 
The  average  cut  was  6.5'. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  289 

The  holes  were  spaced  to  average  20  sq.ft.  per  foot  of  drilling. 

The  drills  averaged  1.66  cu.yds.  per  hour. 

One  and  one- third  pounds  of  75%  dynamite  were  used  per 
cubic  yard. 

The  cost  of  operating  for  the  entire  work,  drilling,  dredging, 
maintenance,  etc.,  was  divided  in  the  following  proportion: 

Salaries  and  board 42 .4% 

Traveling  and  transportation 2.0 

Fuel 12.2 

Explosives 13.0 

General  repair  and  freight 16.4 

Towing 5.0 

Interest  and  insurance 6.6 

Miscellaneous  includes  indemnity  for  acci- 
dents, law,  rental,  and  other  minor  ex- 
penses   2.4 


100.0% 

The  total  cost  of  drilling,  blasting,  and  dredging  the  channel 
was  $277,724.81. 

The  total  revenue  was $629,113.60 

Cost  per  cubic  yard 3.71 

Allowance  was  made  for  quantities  excavated  below  the  grade 
line  specified,  it  being  impossible  under  the  circumstances  to 
carry  on  the  work  with  the  same  accuracy  as  in  calm  water. 

This  work  is  believed  to  have  had  the  greatest  natural  diffi- 
culties of  any  large  submarine  project  brought  to  a  successful 
conclusion. 


CHAPTER  XIV 


SUBAQUEOUS   DRILLING— Continued 

Improving  James  River,  Va.  P.  Sanford,  Inc.,  Jersey 
City,  Contractors.1  This  work  was  for  the  removal  of  shoals 
in  the  James  River  to  obtain  a  channel  18'  in  depth.  Operations 
were  carried  on  in  tidal  waters  of  6'  rise  and  fall.  The  driUing 
plant  consisted  of  one  boat,  45X32',  carrying  one  5^"  Ingersoll 
submarine  drill,  mounted  on  a  wooden  spud  and  having  the 
Sanford  Ross  type  of  frame  and  feed. 

Holes  were  spaced  5^X6'  and  drilled  with  3  J"  bits.  The  average 
depth  to  grade  was  0.75',  and  average  depth  below  grade  was  3.75'. 
All  material  excavated  was  paid  for  at  $4.45  per  yard.  Cost  of  opera- 
tion of  boat,  including  labor,  fuel,  and  stores  only,  $2.35  per  hour. 

Work  was  carried  on  over  the  three  following  places,  Rockett's 
Reef,  Goode  Rocks,  and  Richmond  Bar.  The  drill  performance 
on  each  with  deductions  therefrom  is  as  follows: 

LOCAL   WAGES 


Rockett's  Reef- 

Goode  Rocks. 

Richmond  Bar. 

Hours  worked  

820 

7O2 

I  643 

Number  of  holes 

I  2  32 

064 

2  381 

Depth  of  holes,  ft       

A  66 

4.42 

4  42 

Area  of  shoals,  sq.ft  

<2,66o 

46,02  < 

105,228 

Lineal  feet  drilled          .    .    . 

C  74.1 

4  461 

IO   ^24 

Cubic  yards  rock  

4,47O 

3,47O 

8,200 

Dynamite  60%  

I  3  ^44  Ibs 

II  147  Ibs 

26  02  3  Ibs 

Operating  per  hour 

Gly.  8126  Ibs. 

$2   3S 

Gly.  6688  Ibs. 

$2   3C 

Gly.i5,6i3  Ibs. 

$2    3£ 

Lineal  feet  per  hour  (  i  drill)  .  .    . 

6.Q2 

6.36 

6  40 

Operating  per  foot  drilled,  cts  
Cubic  yards  per  hour  (i  drill)  
Cubic  yards  per  foot  drilled  

34 
5-39 

0.78 

37-2 
4-94 
0.78 

36.7 
4.99 

0.78 

Operating  per  cubic  yard  rock,  cts. 
Dynamite  per  foot  drilled 

43-6 
2  36  Ibs 

47-5 
2  co  Ibs 

47.1 
2  j.7  Ibs 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  rock  

Gly.  1.41  Ibs. 
3.05  Ibs., 
Gly.  1.83  Ibs. 

Gly.  1.50  Ibs. 
3.21  Ibs., 
Glv.  i.  02  Ibs. 

Gly.  1.48  Ibs. 
3.18  Ibs., 
Glv.  1.91  Ibs. 

1  Data  from  Mr.  Gilbert  H.   Gilbert. 


290 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  291 

Cienfugos  Harbor,  Cuba.  W.  T.  Dady  Co.,  Brooklyn, 
Contractors.1  The  work  was  to  excavate  a  channel  25'  deep 
through  a  coral  formation.  The  tide  here  had  a  rise  and  fall 
of  20";  drilling  and  blasting  were  done  by  the  submarine 
process. 

For  this  purpose  a  drill  boat  was  employed  80X34X6',  mount- 
ing two  5"  submarine  drills  on  the  stern.  The  Standard  steel 
frame,  with  hydraulic  feed,  of  the  Great  Lakes  type,  was  used. 
The  main  spuds,  four  in  number,  were  operated  by  independent 
engines  through  gears  and  racking  bolted  to  the  spuds.  In  this 
coral  material  the  bits  drilled  about  600'  without  dressing.  These 
bits  were  38'  long  of  if"  material  with  a  3"  point.  In  drilling 
i  oo7,  the  bit  points  wore  J"  from  gauge.  No  blacksmiths  were 
carried;  instead,  two  extra  drill  runners  were  on  hand  and  they 
took  care  of  the  steel.  This  scheme  was  to  provide  against  delay 
by  having  extra  drill  runners  on  hand.  Skilled  labor  was  imported, 
the  contractor  paying  transportation  both  ways.  Board  was  also 
provided. 

Dynamite  was  used,  60%,  four  sticks  at  3  Ibs.,  2X16", 
or  12  Ibs.  per  hole.  Holes  were  10'  in  depth,  spaced  5X6',  and 
drilled  2'  below  grade.  A  dipper  dredge  with  16X20"  engines 
and  a  4^-yd.  bucket  averaged  50  yds.  bank  measurement  per 
hour. 

In  12  hrs.  the  two  drills  averaged  40  holes  at  10'.  Count- 
ing 26  working  days  per  month  this  is  equivalent  to  a  per- 
formance of  1040  holes  at  10'  or  10,400  lin.ft.  =  9250  cu.yds. 
pay. 

The  following  costs  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per  cubic  yard 
pay  rock  loosened  have  been  based  on  the  above  average  monthly 
performance. 

1  Data  from  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 


292 


ROCK  DRILLING 


Material,  coral  formation.     Two  drill-boats.     Performance,  holes   1040,  aver- 
age, 10,400  lin.ft.  per  mo.  =  92  50  cu.yds.  pay  rock. 


Force. 

Rate 
(Local). 

Amount. 

Per  Lineal 
Foot. 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Pay  Yard. 
Cents. 

i  captain  .        at 

$150        and  board  $15 
4.50  and  board    15 
90.00  and  board    15 
90.00  and  board    15 
60  .00  and  board    15 
45.00  and  board    15 
140.00  and  board    15 
45.00  and  board    15 

$165.00 
528.00 

210.00 
105.00 
75.00 
120.00 
155-00 
60.OO 

!-59 
5.08 
2.02 
I.  01 
0.72 
I-I5 

i-49 
0.58 

l.78 

5-70 
2.27 

J-I3 

0.81 
1.30 
1.68 
0.65 

4  drill  runners      at 

2  helpers                    .  .     at 

i  blaster        at 

i  helper                             at 

2  deckhands              .  .     at 

Eng.  and  mechanic.  ...  at 
Watchman        at 

Total  labor        .   . 

$I4l8.00 
234.00 

13.64 

2.25 

I5-32 
2-53 

Coal  and  supplies  at  37.5  c 
Total  drilling  

ts  per  drill  hr 

$1652.00 
1497.60 
390.00 

15.89 
14-40 

3-75 

17-85 
16.18 
4.21 

Dynamite  12,480  Ibs.,  60'% 
Fuses  1  3  ooo  at  3  cts 

)  at  12  cts     

Total  drilling  and  blast 
Interest  and  depreciation  01 
at  2%  per  working  moi 

Total 

ing 

$3539-60 
300.00 

34-04 
2.88 

38.24 
3-24 

i  plant  valued  at  $15,000 
ith  

$3839.60 

36.92 

41-48 

In  the  above  tabulation  of  costs  no  account  has  been  taken 
of  contractor's  overhead  charges,  organization  or  preparatory, 
insurance,  charities,  accidents,  legal,  medical  expenses,  etc. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  the  performance  data 
with  deductions  therefrom: 

Number  of  drills,  2. 

Type  of  drill,  5"  submarine. 

Length  of  shift,  12  hrs. 

Number  of  shifts  per  day,  i. 

Shifts  worked,  26. 

Hours  worked,  312. 

Number  of  holes,  1040. 

Depth  of  holes,  10'. 

Lineal  feet  drilled,  10,400. 

Spacing  of  holes,  5  X6'. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  293 

Cubic  yards  of  pay  rock,  9250. 

Dynamite,  60%,  12,480  Ibs.  =  7488  Ibs.  glycerine. 

Coal  and  supplies  (i  month),  $234. 

Labor  per  shift,  $54.50. 

Lineal  feet  per  shift,  400. 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hour,  i6f. 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hour,  2.56. 

Labor  per  foot  drilled,  13.64  cts. 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  shift,  355. 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hour,  14.78. 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  0.889. 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  15.32  cts. 

Coal  and  supplies  per  drill  per  shift,  $4.50. 

Coal  and  supplies  per  foot  drilled,  in  cents,  2.25. 

Dynamite,  60%,  per  foot  drilled,  1.2  Ibs.  =0.72  Ib. 
glycerine. 

Dynamite,  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  1.35  Ibs.  =0.81  Ib. 
glycerine. 

Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted,  1.08  Ibs.  =0.65  Ib.  glycer- 
ine. 

Cost  of  drilling  and  loading  (but  exclusive  of  dynamite,  fuses, 
interest,  and  depreciation)  per  lineal  foot,  15.89  cts. 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  38.24  cts.,  exclusive  of 
interest  and  depreciation. 

Interest  and  depreciation  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  3.24  cts. 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock,  41.48  cts. 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio  -  — j—     —=1.25. 

pay  yards 

New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  R.  R.  Improve- 
ments at  Oak  Point,  New  York  City,  East  River.  Atlantic 
Coast  Contracting  Co.,  Contractors.1  The  work  consisted  of 
drilling  in  the  East  River  at  Oak  Point  and  at  13 7th  Street,  New 
York  City.  The  rock  formation  is  gneiss,  quartz,  mica  schist, 
and  granite,  grading  into  one  another.  The  schistose  rock  has  a  dip 
of  from  above  the  horizontal  to  vertical.  The  extreme  hardness  of 

1  Data  from  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 


294 


ROCK  DRILLING 


the  quartz  formation,  the  easily  disintegrated  portions  of  mica  and 
the  dip,  form  a  set  of  conditions,  all  of  which  may  be  met  in 
drilling  one  hole.  The  variation  of  hardness  with  the  inclination 


FIG.  126. — Submarine  Drill,  East  River. 

of  strata  causes  the  drill  bars  to  run  off  the  vertical,  making  drill- 
ing very  difficult.  The  position  of  the  work  is  exposed  to  the 
wash  of  passing  vessels  and  the  swell  from  Long  Island  Sound. 
The  rise  and  fall  of  tide  is  from  5  to  7'.  The  drilling  plant  con- 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING 


295 


sists  of  one  drill  boat,  carrying  four  5^"  Ingersoll-Rand  drills, 
type  H-9. 

The  drill  boat  is  designed  to  permit  the  operation  of  the  drills 
in  any  state  of  tide  or  seaway.  The  mechanism  is  so  arranged 
that  the  vessel  is  self-adjusting  to  any  variation  of  level,  due  to 
high  waves  or  tide,  without  interrupting  or  affecting  the  operation 
of  the  drills.  The  hull  of  the  drill  boat  is  of  wood,  95X28x8'; 
at  each  corner  there  is  a  15  Xi5"  spud  operated  by  6X6"  engines 


FIG.  127. — Atlantic  Coast  Contracting  Co.,  Oak  Point,  East  River  above  Hell 

Gate. 

geared  to  racking  bolted  to  the  spud.  The  vessel  is  maneuvered 
by  means  of  wire  cables  attached  to  two  double-drum  hoisters 
with  7X9"  engines.  The  drills  are  mounted  on  structural  steel 
spuds  which  rest  upon  the  rock  during  operation;  these  spuds 
are  hoisted  by  a  cable  connected  with  6X8"  engines.  The  drill 
spuds  are  housed  in  guides  overhanging  the  side  of  the  vessel. 
These  guides,  20'  in  length,  are  suspended  from  a  track  15' 
above  deck  and  are  capable  of  being  traversed  70'  fore  and 
aft.  The  drill  feed  is  a  screw  12'  lon£,  2"  outside  diameter; 


296  ROCK  DRILLING 

this  feed  screw  is  controlled  by  a  vertical  engine,  $%"  diameter 
by  4"  stroke,  acting  through  miter  gears. 
Wages  of  the  crew  per  month  as  follows : 

LOCAL  WAGES. 

Shifts  per  day 2 

Length  of  shift 10  hrs. 

Crew 14  day,  1 1  night 

Two  captains,  $175  and  $125=  $300  =  14.45%  and  13.9% 

Four  drillers  at  $3.50 $728 

Four  drillers'  helpers  at  $2.00 416 

One  fireman  at  $3.00 156 

Two  engineers,  at  $125 250 

One  smith  at  $3.50 91 

One  smith's  helper  at  $2.50 65 

One  machinist  at  $4.00 104 

Monthly  total $2 1 10 

Labor $i .  o  i \  per  drill  hr. 

Coal  at  $470 o .  2  2j  per  drill  hr. 

Smith's  coal,  $22 
Oil  and  waste,  20 
Steel  and  bits,  70 
Cordage,  12 

$124 $0.06  per  drill  hr. 


Operating  total $1.30   per  drill  hr. 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hour 2  • 2  5 

Cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  cts 58^ 

Holes 3  J"  dia. 

Spacing 4X4' 

Drilling  below  grade 3' 

Drilling  above  grade 4'  average 

Dynamite,  60%,  cartridges  2  JX  16"  at  3^  Ibs.  at  15 £  cts.  per  Ib. 
Average  dynamite  per  cubic  yard  above  grade,  6  Ibs.  =  3. 6  Ibs.  glycerin 
Average  feet  of  drilling  per  cubic  yard  above  grade =3' 

Cost  per  cubic  yard  drilled  and  blasted $2  . 70 

Dredging  sublet 1.25 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard $3-95 

Total  yards  =  30 ,000 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  297 

Love  joy's  Narrows,  Improving  Kennebec  River,  Me. 
Eastern  Dredging  Co.,  Boston,  Contractors.1  The  work 
consists  of  the  removal  of  slate  and  flint  covering  an  area 
of  65,000  sq.yds.,  to  a  depth  of  18'  at  low  water.  The  average 
cutting  over  four  shoals  is  ii'  to  grade.  The  quantity  to  be 
removed  to  grade  is  2994  cu.yds.  The  tops  of  ledges  have  been 
removed  under  previous  contracts.  At  this  point  and  through 
to  the  narrows,  the  channel  is  very  crooked  and  narrow  and 
navigation  dangerous.  A  tide  of  5'  rise  and  fall,  together  with 
the  stipulation  that  navigation  must  not  be  obstructed,  add  to 
the  difficulties  of  the  work.  The  contract  calls  for  the  completion 
of  the  job  in  14  months,  December  i  to  May  i  not  included,  and  also 
for  the  contractor  to  furnish  security  for  the  proper  performance  of 
the  work  to  the  amount  of  33%  of  the  cost  of  the  work.  Monthly 
progress  estimates  of  90%  are  paid. 

The  drilling  plant  consists  of  one  drill  boat,  Sanford  Ross 
type,  mounting  two  Ingersoll-Rand  drills  on  the  stern.  The 
vessel  is  held  in  position  while  working  by  the  two  spuds  upon 
which  the  drills  are  mounted  and  by  bow  and  side  lines.  These 
spuds  are  fixed,  and  do  not  permit  of  any  variation  in  the  distance 
the  drills  are  apart. 

The  average  performance  is  40'  per  day  of  10  hrs.,  or  8  holes 
of  5'.  The  spacing  of  the  holes  being  5X4'  and  depth  to  grade  being 
i  J',  the  performance  per  day  of  10  hrs.  in  cubic  yards  of  pay 

r*  'V  A  \S  T  1  \S  R 

rock  is  —  —  =  7.42.     20  Ibs.  of  60%  dynamite  or  12  Ibs. 

of  glycerine  are  used  at  each  hole. 

In  the  following  synopsis  of  costs  no  account  has  been  taken 
of  contractor's  overhead  charges,  organization  or  preparatory, 
repairs,  accidents,  charities,  insurance,  medical,  legal  expenses, 
etc. 

1  Data  from  Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Gilbert. 


298 


ROCK  DRILLING 


LOCAL  WAGES 

Material,  slate  and  flint.     Number  of  drills,  2. 
40.  Pay  yards  loosened  in  10  hours,  7.42. 


Lineal  feet  drilled  in  10  hrs., 


Force. 

Rate  per 
Hour. 

Amount, 

Cost  per 
Shift. 

Per  Lineal 
Foot, 
Cents. 

Cost  per 
Cu.  Yard, 
Cents. 

i  captain  and  blaster       

$0.50 
0.27J 
0.22 

0-35 
0.22 

o  .20 

0.25 

$5-00 

5-5° 
4.40 

$5.00 

$9-9° 

5-7o 
2.40 
2.50 

12.5 
24.7 

*4-3 

6.0 

6-3 

67.4 
*33-4 

76.8 
32-4 
33-7 

2  drillers            . 

2  drillers'  helpers 

i  smith 

3-5o 

2.20 

i  smith's  helper 

i  watchman  12  hrs 

2.4O 
2.50 

i  cook  

Labor  drilling     

$25.50 
10.50 

2.20 

63.8 
26.2 

5-5 

343-7 
i4i-5 
29.6 

Coal   3  tons  at  $3  ^o 

10.50 
2.20 

Smith's  coal,  oil,  waste,  steel,  core 
Total  drilling 

1,  etc  

Dynamite   160  Ibs  at  15  cts 

$38.20 
24.00 
0.30 

95-5 
60.0 
0.7 

514-8 

323-5 
4-0 

Exploders   10  at  3  cts. 

Total  drilling  and  blasting 
Interest  and  depreciation  at  2%  p 
on  plant  estimated  at  $10  ooo 

$62  .  50 
7.70 

156.2 

i9-3 

842.3 
103.7 

er  working  month 

Total                       

$70.20 

175-5 

946.0 

Labor  per  day,  10  hrs,  dollars 25.50 

Lineal  feet  per  drill  hr 2 

Lineal  feet  per  man  hr 0.445 

Labor  per  foot  drilled,  cts 63.8 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  drill  hr 0.37 

Cubic  yards  pay  rock  per  lineal  feet  drilled 0.185 

Labor  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock $344 

Coal  per  drill  per  day,  Ibs 3000 

Coal  per  foot  drilled,  Ibs 150 


4     Ibs.  =  2.4    glycerine 
21.6  Ibs.  =  12. 96  glycerine 
5.4  Ibs.  =  3.24  Ibs.  glycerine 


Dynamite,  60%,  per  foot  drilled, 
Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  pay  rock, 
Dynamite  per  cubic  yard  blasted, 

cubic  yards  blasted 

Ratio -&r  —  =  4 

cubic  yards  pay 

Cost  of  drilling  and  loading  but  exclusive  of  dyna- 
mite, exploders,  interest  and  depreciation $°-955 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  exclusive  of  interest  and 

depreciation $8.423 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yards  including  interest  and 

depreciation $9.460 


CHAPTER  XV 
SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  BY    THE  PLATFORM  METHOD 

Submarine  Drilling.  The  platform  method,  for  use  in 
rough  water  or  where  there  is  much  rise  and  fal  in  tide,  was 
devised  and  developed  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Saunders. 

This  method  has  been  successfully  used  in  overcoming  the 
more  formidable  obstacles  to  the  removal  of  submerged  reefs. 

These  obstacles  are  (i)  sand,  mud,  or  gravel  overlying  the 
rock;  (2)  swift  currents;  (3)  rise  and  fall  of  tides;  (4)  rough 
water  and  high  winds;  (5)  danger  of  collision  with  passing 
vessels. 

The  plant  consists  of  a  floatable  platform  provided  with  spuds 
by  which  it  is  elevated  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  Tripod 
drills  are  mounted  upon  A  frames  or  platforms  to  facilitate 
moving  about  the  platform.  Cylindrical  telescopic  tubes  with  a 
conical  taper  are  fitted  with  an  ejector  attachment;  these  tubes 
rest  on  the  rock,  the  upper  end  being  above  the  surface  and 
guided  by  trunk  ways  attached  to  the  platform.  Drilling,  wash- 
ing, and  charging  are  performed  through  these  tubes.  The 
boiler,  smith's  shop,  pumps,  and  diving  apparatus  are  carried  by 
a  barge  or  scow  moored  to  the  platform  and  by  anchors. 

In  the  operations,  preliminary  to  drilling,  the  telescopic  tube 
is  lowered  to  a  bearing  upon  the  bottom.  Through  the  action  of 
the  hydraulic  ejector,  fitted  to  the  lower  end  of  the  tube,  the 
loose  material  overlying  the  surface  of  the  rock  is  removed  from 
the  inside  of  the  tube,  permitting  the  tube  to  sink  and  rest  upon 
the  cleaned  surface  of  the  rock.  The  drill  bar  is  then  lowered  into 
the  tube  and  connected  to  the  drill  placed  over  the  mouth  of  the 
tube.  The  conical  form  of  the  lower  end  of  the  tube  guides  the 
steel  and  prevents  "stepping."  The  progress  of  drilling  is  very 
materially  improved  by  the  introduction  of  a  ij"  pipe,  carrying 

299 


300  ROCK  DRILLING 

water,  under  pressure,  into  the  drill  hole  and  alongside  the  steel 
while  the  drill  is  in  operation;  a  jet  of  water  is  forced  to  the  bottom 
of  the  hole,  removing  the  cuttings.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  state 
that  the  removal  of  the  Hell  Gate  rock,  had  this  method  instead 
of  undermining  been  used,  would  have  been  accomplished  in  one- 
quarter  of  the  time  and  at  one-third  of  the  cost. 

The  following  is  a  report  of  the  operations  on  Black  Tom 
reef,  New  York  harbor,  where  the  platform  method  was  used. 
Operations  were  commenced  May  2,  1881 : 

Actual  working  days 344 

Lineal  feet  of  hole  drilled 1 7,658 

Number  of  holes  drilled J,736 

Number  of  holes  blasted I,S42 

Average  depth  of  holes 10.17' 

Average  distance  between  holes 4' 

Area  drilled  over 32,100  sq.ft. 

Rock  removed 5,136  cu.yds. 

Dynamite  used 20,461  Ibs. 

Exploders  used 1,844 

Number  of  drilling  machines  used 3 

Number  of  steels  used  (octagon  i^V) 18 

Longest  steel  used 28' 

Shortest  steel  used 16' 

Largest  diameter  of  bit.  .1 3$ '' 

Smallest  diameter  of  bit 2 \" 

Average  depth  drilled  to  each  dressing  of  steel 9' 

Average  loss  of  gauge  per  ft.  drilled,  ins 0.03 

Total  loss  of  steel  by  abrasion  and  dressing  59^' 394-5  Ibs. 

Greatest  number  of  lineal  feet  drilled  in  one  day. . . .  169 

Expenditure  for  coal,  200.2  tons $823.03 

Expenditure  for  water $500.55 

Expenditure  for  hose $491.18 

Connecting  wire,  77^  Ibs $5 2.08 

Rubber  tape  for  connections,  7  rolls $12.25 

Expenditure  of  steel  for  each  lineal  foot  drilled  0.36  oz.  $0.0032 

Explosive  used  per  foot  drilled,  1.16  Ibs $0.53 

Rock  removed  per  foot  drilled 0.29  cu.yds. 

Cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled,  labor $0.5  2 

Cost  of  coal  and  water,  per  lineal  foot  drilled $0.075 

Cost  of  repairs  to  plant  per  lineal  foot  drilled $0.089 

Cost  of  repairs  of  drills  per  lineal  foot  drilled $0.0053 

Cost  of  repairs  of  ejector  pipes  per  lineal  ft.  drilled  .  .  $0.015 

Cost  of  hose  per  lineal  foot  drilled $0.028 

Cost  of  wire  and  tape  per  lineal  foot  drilled $0.004 

Average  total  cost  per  lineal  foot  drilled $1.27 

Average  cost  per  hole  charged J3-82 

Average  depth  of  hole  drilled  to  each  cubic  yard  of 

rock  removed 3.44  lin.ft. 


SUBAQUEOUS  DRILLING  BY  THE  PLATFORM  METHOD    301 


Average  cost  of  explosive  per  cubic  yard  removed, 

3.98  Ibs $1.84 

Expenditures    in    steel    per    cubic    yard    removed, 

1.22  OZ $0.0l8 

Cost  of  labor  per  cubic  yard  removed $1.79 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard,  drilled  and  blasted $4*37 

Cost  of  plant,  including  alterations  and  additions: 

Barge  No.  4,  hull  and  equipment $6,640.00 

Drill  float  No.  i 4>°95  -7° 

Drill  float  No.  2 4,987.40 

Storeroom  account,  including  repairs,  altera- 
tions, coal  and  water,  cost  of  machinery, etc 5,663.49 

$21,386.59 

Expenditure  in  labor $9,203.88 

Expenditure  in  explosives 9,461.00       18,664.88 

$40,051.47 
Cost  per  cubic  yard  of  total  expenditure $7-79 

Operating  Expenses. 

Labor $9,203.88 

Explosives 9,461.00 

Actual  repairs  to  plant I»575-57 

Repair  to  Ingersoll  drills 93-31 

Steam  and  water  hose 491.18 

Repairs  to  ejector  pipes 267.54 

Wire  and  tape  used 64.33 

Coal  and  water 1,323.58 

Operating  expense $22,480.39 

Cost  per  cubic  yard 4.37 

Pay  roll  per  day $26.76 

Coal  per  day,  0.58  ton 2-39 

Water  per  day 1.45 

Explosive  per  day  59.48  Ibs 27-5° 

Daily  repairs  to  plant 4.58 

Drill  repairs  per  day 0.27 

Loss  of  steel  per  day,  1.15  Ibs 0.16 

Repairs  on  ejector  pipes  per  day 0.78 

Loss  in  hose  per  day 1.43 

Loss  in  wire  per  day o^S 

Loss  in  tape  per  day 0.03 

Average  cost  per  day $65.50 

Average  cubic  yards  per  day J4-93 

Average  cost  per  cubic  yard 4.37 

Many  items  in  this  report,  notably  the  cost  of  plant,  are 
very  much  higher  than  need  be.     The  prices  given  include  all 


302  ROCK  DRILLING 

the  experimental   work  done  prior  to  the  introduction  of  the 
improved  methods  of  operation. 

The  rock  was  situated  in  New  York  Bay,  near  Bedloe's  Island. 
It  was  of  granite  formation,  ranging  in  texture  from  soft  muddy 
pyrites  to  a  hard  mixture  of  hornblende  and  quartz.  The  surface 
was  covered  by  a  deposit  of  mud,  sand,  and  gravel,  which  at 
first  interfered  with  the  progress  of  the  work  to  such  an  extent 
that  but  little  headway  was  effected.  After  the  use  of  the  ejector 
pipes  no  further  difficulty  from  this  source  was  experienced. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

HINTS  AND   SUGGESTIONS   FOR   ROCK   DRILLING  AND 

BLASTING 

Hints  in  Drilling  and  Blasting  Work.  Cultivate  the 
habit  of  learning  new  methods  from  published  accounts  and 
then  do  not  wait  to  see  them  used,  but  apply  them  yourself, 
even  if  you  have  to  devise  some  details  which  were  not  described. 
The  man  who  avails  himself  of  published  data  becomes  a  cen- 
tenarian in  experience  before  he  is  thirty  years  old. 

Foremen  are  generally  men  of  some  considerable  force  of 
character,  and  they  are  instinctively  opposed  to  "new-fangled 
ideas";  consequently  their  opposition  to  improvements  reflecting, 
as  they  think,  upon  their  own  perfection,  is  long  and  bitter. 

One  of  Gilbreth's  rules:  No  superintendent,  walking-boss, 
engineer,  timekeeper,  or  other  employee  is  permitted  to  give  an 
order  direct  to  any  workman,  except  in  case  of  great  emergency. 
Not  even  a  member  of  the  firm  is  exempt  from  this  rule.  The 
foreman  in  direct  charge  of  a  gang  is  the  only  man  permitted 
to  instruct  his  men  what  to  do.  He  is  the  officer  in  charge,  and 
his  superior  officers  must  not  intentionally  or  unintentionally  de- 
grade him  in  the  eyes  of  his  men  by  issuing  orders  over  his  head. 

The  timekeeper  must  not  gossip  on  the  work.  It  is  a  sure  cause 
of  dissatisfaction.  The  men  should  know  as  little  of  the  politics 
of  the  work  as  possible.  Dissensions  at  headquarters  are  bound 
to  affect  the  men  and  their  work.  If  unity  is  lacking  in  high 
places  it  will  also  be  lacking  lower  down. 

Do  not  let  the  executive  do  any  avoidable  detailed  work. 

It  may  be  economical  to  pay  higher  wages  than  the  prevailing 
rate.  This  attracts  the  best  class  of  labor.  Men  will  do  10% 
more  work  for  5%  more  pay. 

A  cut  of  10%  in  wages  may  mean  a  reduction  of  20%  in  output. 

303 


304  ROCK  DRILLING 

To  avoid  demoralization,  pay  must  be  paid  promptly  on 
regular  pay  day.  No  matter  how  sure  the  men  may  be  of  their 
pay,  failure  to  meet  them  on  pay  day  affects  their  work  badly. 

Gilbreth  requires  all  monthly  men  or  steady  pay  men  to  arrive 
on  the  job  before  the  first  whistle  is  sounded  and  remain  on  the 
job  until  quitting  time,  regardless  of  weather. 

All  sources  of  dissatisfaction  should  be  immediately  and 
impartially  investigated,  and  the  men  must  know  that  although 
they  are  responsible  for  the  quantity  and  quality  of  their  work  to 
the  immediate  foreman  they  are  absolutely  in  touch  with  the 
management  as  far  as  justice  to  the  men  is  concerned. 

Object  lessons  are  necessary  in  order  to  convince  workmen 
of  the  desirability  of  changes,  and  it  requires  great  ingenuity  in 
preparing  the  right  kind  of  object  lessons. 

Each  foreman  should  keep  a  small  diary  in  which  to  jot  down 
the  principal  events  of  the  day.  Such  a  diary  may  be  of  great 
value  in  case  of  a  lawsuit.  How  to  make  the  foreman  keep  the 
diary  written  up  is  another  story. 

In  order  to  get  the  most  work  out  of  a  man  for  his  money  it 
is  necessary  to  offer  him  a  stronger  incentive  to  do  his  best  than 
the  mere  fear  of  discharge  for  incompetency. 

Cultivate  the  habit  of  instinctively  thinking  of  and  looking 
at  work  in  terms  not  of  quantity  and  time,  but  of  time  and 
dollars. 

An  economic  rule  in  choosing  the  drilling  equipment  and 
tools  is  to  use  the  minimum  diameter  of  hole  in  which  the  drill 
will  freely  work  when  the  holes  can  be  sprung,  and  as  large  as 
can  be  conveniently  drilled  when  the  holes  cannot  be  sprung, 
except  where  the  rock  must  be  broken  out  in  blocks  with  a  mini- 
mum of  waste. 

The  economic  result  of  springing  holes  lies  in  the  fact  that 
the  holes  can  be  placed  much  further  apart,  of  a  smaller  diameter 
and  a  low  and  cheap  grade  of  powder  used. 

In  tunneling  through  soft  rock  the  objection  to  springing  is 
that  it  produces  fumes  from  the  dynamite,  which  otherwise  would 
not  be  used.  To  prevent  this  a  good  way  is  to  spray  the  air  with 
water  after  each  shot  if  the  water  is  available. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  ROCK  DRILLING  AND   BLASTING    305 

Under  normal  conditions  water- washout  jets  will  increase  the 
output  from  30  to  100%. 

Plot  the  location  of  all  drill  holes  on  cross-section  paper  and 
write  thereon  the  depth  of  each  hole  and  the  powder  charge 
in  it. 

In  drilling  open-cut  work  it  is  wise  to  pitch  the  holes  down 
away  from  the  face.  The  explosion  will  then  throw  the  rock 
away  from  the  face  and  tend  to  avoid  throwing  loose  rock  over 
the  unblasted  portion. 

Quarry  bars  are  very  economical  for  drilling  in  open  cuts 
and  for  plug  drilling. 

Where  long  transmission  pipes  are  used,  air  is  more  econom- 
ical than  steam. 

A  steam  line  can  be  lagged  600'  or  700'  with  economy. 

Air  hose  lasts  longer  than  steam  hose. 

Poor  coal  supply  causes  serious  delay  and  loss  of  money. 

Cheap  blacksmith's  coal  containing  much  sulphur  is  an 
expensive  luxury,  the  reason  being  that  some  of  the  carbon  will 
be  burned  out  of  the  drill  steel,  thus  reducing  its  effective  hard- 
ness. 

Locate  a  forge  away  from  sunshine  or  you  are  apt  to  burn 
the  steel  without  knowing  it.  A  white  sparking  heat  usually 
means  a  spoiled  tool. 

Keep  parts  of  all  machines  together  in  storage,  so  that  they 
can  be  found  easily. 

If  a  5oo-volt  current  is  used  to  explode,  caps  there  will  be  many 
misfires. 

In  blasting,  use  a  3-wire  connection  with  a  3-wire  machine, 
thus  developing  its  full  power. 

Where  ij"  sticks  of  dynamite  are  used,  the  drill  hole  should 
be  i^''  at  the  bottom. 

In  dynamite  water  has  a  greater  affinity  for  the  guhr  than 
nitroglycerin  has,  therefore  in  wet  holes  the  nitroglycerin  will 
slowly  leave  the  cartridge  if  it  be  not  reasonably  water-proof. 
Not  so,  however,  with  nitrogelatin. 

One  of  the  most  satisfactory  rules  in  blasting  is  to  avoid  so 
loading  the  holes  as  to  throw  much  rock  into  the  air.  If  a  dense 


306  ROCK  DRILLING 

brown  smoke  with  pieces  of  rock  be  thrown  high  in  the  air  with 
each  blast,  the  holes  are  too  heavily  loaded  or  the  bulk  of  the 
charge  is  not  low  enough  in  the  hole. 

Do  not  mistake  activity  for  work. 

There  should  be  the  same  sizes  of  tools  for  men  competing, 
for  example:  A  man  who  is  paid  for  his  performance  on  the 
3!"  drill  should  not  be  obliged  to  compete  with  another  man 
paid  on  the  same  basis  who  is  running  a  3  J"  drill. 

When  drilling  in  sandstone  the  drill-bit  should  be  tapered 
somewhat  and  then  flattened  instead  of  drawn  to  a  cutting  edge. 
If  a  chisel-bit  is  used  in  drilling  sandstone,  the  bit  will  wear  very 
sharp,  and  will  frequently  become  fissured. 

In  forging  rock-drill  bits,  those  for  medium  hard  rock  should 
have  sharp  chisel-bits.  As  the  hardness  of  the  rock  increases, 
the  angle  of  the  bit  may  be  made  more  blunt,  and  the  cutting 
edge  shaped  from  a  straight  line  to  a  curve,  to  prevent  the  corners 
being  chipped  off. 

An  unsymmetrical  bit,  in  which  the  blades  do  not  all  strike 
exactly  alike,  is  preferable  to  the  symmetrical  kind,  especially  in 
hard  rocks,  resulting  in  less  sticking. 

When  the  drill  bit  has  become  stuck  run  a  powerful  water 
jet  through  a  half-inch  pipe  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole  and 
work  up  and  down.  This  is  very  effective  in  loosening  up  the 
bit,  and  will  also  enable  a  new  bit  to  descend  promptly  to  the 
bottom  of  the  hole. 

If  the  bit  is  inclined  to  stick,  churn  up  and  down  in  the  hole 
with  a  thin  strip  of  hickory  while  drill  is  working. 

A  handful  of  pieces  of  cast  iron  the  size  of  hazel-nuts  dropped 
into  the  hole,  especially  if  the  material  varies  much  in  hardness, 
will  often  prevent  the  bit  from  sticking. 

At  a  45-ton  blast  in  Manila  the  fumes  killed  several  men. 

Ammonia  should  be  inhaled  where  men  are  overcome  by 
dynamite  fumes. 

Blowing  unexploded  dynamite  out  of  a  hole  with  a  steam  jet — 
Don't !  Use  air  instead. 

Never  use  a  nail-puller  to  open  a  box  of  dynamite. 

Dynamite  in  a  wooden  box  containing  no  metallic  nails  can 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  ROCK  DRILLING  AND  BLASTING    307 

be  burned  up  without  exploding,  but  any  nail  or  metal  is  likely 
to  so  conduct  the  heat  as  to  explode  the  dynamite. 

If  a  cap  is  pointed  at  a  stick  of  dynamite  an  inch  away  it 
will  explode,  if  pointed  to  one  side  it  will  not  explode. 

In  springing  for  black-powder  work,  it  is  important  not  to 
load  the  hole  until  after  the  rock  has  cooled  off,  as  the  springing 
charge  develops  considerable  heat. 

When  fuse  is  used  in  cold  weather  it  becomes  hard  and  stiff, 
very  often  cracking  and  causing  a  misfire.  Fuse  should  be 
thawed  before  using. 

Dynamite,  when  frozen,  can  be  exploded  by  extra  strong 
caps. 

Caps  of  different  makes  should  never  be  used  in  the  same 
charge. 

There  should  be  no  air  cushions  in  the  blast  hole.  To  accom- 
plish this  slit  the  cartridges  with  a  knife  lengthwise  on  two  sides, 
being  sure  not  to  do  this  to  a  frozen  or  partly  frozen  stick,  and 
place  it  well  home  with  a  wooden  rammer. 

When  mucking  or  drilling  takes  place  and  badly  shatters  or 
pulverizes  the  rock  and  the  holes  are  close  together,  short  pieces 
of  drain  tile  can  be  erected  over  each  hole  to  prevent  small  pieces 
of  rock  from  falling  into  the  holes  until  after  the  hole  has  been 
charged.  These  can  be  used  repeatedly. 

For  blasting  out  old  piles  and  stumps  average  30-40%  dyna- 
mite is  very  effective. 

Four  pounds  of  dynamite  exploded  5'  beneath  the  surface  will 
break  ice  2'  thick  to  a  distance  of  30  or  40'  around  the  shot. 

Instead  of  digging  holes  in  which  to  plant  trees,  it  is  cheaper 
to  churn  a  drill  hole  in  the  ground  and  charge  with  about  one-half 
stick  of  40%  dynamite. 

The  usual  size  of  a  case  of  dynamite  is  J  of  a  cubic  foot, 
therefore  an  old  powder  box  is  often  more  convenient  for  measuring 
coal  than  a  bushel  basket. 

For  gaskets  on  pumps,  the  thinner  the  better. 

Upon  laying  up  rock  drills,  hoists,  etc.,  cover  the  bright 
surface  with  a  mixture  of  paraffin  and  vaselin  heated  and  applied 
with  a  brush.  The  mixture  is  readily  rubbed  off. 


308  ROCK  DRILLING 

Look  out  for  air  in  water  pipe  at  top  of  a  grade.  Provide  a 
blow-off  cock. 

In  cold  weather  at  night  drain  all  water  and  oil  from  cylinders 
and  lubricators  of  engines  and  pumps.  The  common  lard  oils 
are  full  of  acid  and  will  cut  machinery. 

Cylinders  of  engines  and  steam  drills  are  frequently  cracked 
in  cold  weather  by  suddenly  letting  in  steam.  To  avoid  this  open 
drip  cocks  and  cocks  on  steam  chest  and  blow  in  steam  for  a  few 
minutes  to  warm  up  the  cylinder  before  starting  the  machine. 
A  broken  cylinder  may  delay  work  for  a  day. 

Hints  for  Estimators.     Look  out  for  misleading  " costs." 

The  achievement  of  high  wages  for  the  workman  and  low 
labor  cost  for  the  owner  is  what  can  be  obtained  by  proper 
economizing  methods,  accurate  costkeeping,  and  timekeeping. 

Do  not  let  precedent  govern  unless  it  is  wise  precedent,  and 
see  that  when  it  does  govern,  the  preceding  conditions  are  repre- 
sentative of  the  present  ones. 

A  plant  should  be  designed  to  do  the  work  in  say  20%  less 
than  the  contract  limit,  making  allowance  for  bad  weather,  delays 
in  delivery  and  installation  and  delays  due  to  breakdowns. 

In  22  days  86  channeler  bits  were  used  to  channel  3779  sq.ft. 
in  shale  containing  frequent  "nigger  heads."  This  is  at  the 
rate  of  43.94  sq.ft.  per  bit. 

Test  pits  in  shale  are  uncertain  and  will  generally  show  more 
earth  and  less  rock  than  they  should. 

A  letter  from  a  contractor  in  Engineering  News,  October  23, 
1902,  p.  337,  says  the  contractor,  by  making  borings  costing 
about  $100,  found  earth  where  everyone  expected  rock,  bid  accord- 
ingly, and  made  $30,000. 

In  bank  blasting  with  black  powder  the  general  rule  is,  one 
pound  of  black  powder  will  break  2-3  yds.  of  gravel. 

In  figuring  on  rock  bear  in  mind  that  a  contractor  will  have 
to  take  off  more  rock  than  is  paid  for  unless  he  is  going  to  a 
great  deal  of  expensive  "sand-papering,"  and  therefore  his 
measurement  when  he  gets  to  the  edges  of  his  excavation  or  to 
the  bottom  of  it  will  usually  be  more  than  the  amount  of  the 
engineer's  monthly  estimate. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  ROCK  DRILLING  AND  BLASTING    309 

Channeling  is  advantageous  for  quarrying  large  dimension 
stone  except  granite.  Broach  channeling  is  cheaper  for  granite. 

The  weight  per  cubic  foot  (zinc  ore)  is  dependent  uponHthe 
percentage  of  mineral  as  well  as  upon  the  percentage  of  powder 
used  in  breaking  the  ore. 

In  one  experience  the  range  in  weight  of  dirt  which  has  very 
nearly  the  same  mineral  content  may  be  between  92  and  108  Ibs. 
per  cubic  foot;  in  this  case  the  variation  was  due  entirely  to  a 
change  from  30  to  40%  dynamite. 

It  is  often  cheaper  to  use  a  high  grade  of  dynamite  rather 
than  to  increase  the  diameter  of  the  hole  so  as  to  secure  a  big 
charge  of  low-grade  dynamite. 


Acknowledgment  should  be  made  of  the  excellent 
work  in  gathering  the  data  contained  in  this 
volume  by  Messrs.  W.  T.  Ball,  A.  C.  Haskell, 
Chas.  Houston  and  H.  C.  Lyons,  and  the  marked 
courtesy  rendered  us  by  all  the  contractors  to 
whom  we  applied  foi  information. 


INDEX 


Accidents  from  dynamite,  10 

Acetylene  lights  at  Detroit  River,  87 

Ahnapee  Harbor,  Wisconsin,  284 

Air  compressor,  cost  of,  53 

Air,  cubic  feet  after  compression,  56 

Air  drills,  32 

Air,  efficiency  of,  55 

Air  jets,  23,  46 

Air  lift,  77 

Air  pressure,  22 

Air  required,  54 

Air  washout,  102,  107 

Altitude  affecting  air,  54 

Amherstburg,  Ontario,  75 

Amount  of  explosive,  12 

Andover,  N.  J.,  D.  L.  &  W.  cut-off,  100 

Aqueduct  for  New  York  water  supply, 

J43 
Atlantic   Coast   Contracting  Co.,  East 

River,  293 
Atlas  powder,  3 


Bailing,  24 

Bailing  device,  82,  108,  118 

Bit,  Brunton,  44 

bull,  46 

chisel,  49 

cross,  41,  46 

removal  from  machine  on  drill  boat, 
189 

round  edge, '45 

Simmons,  44 

size  of,  40,  41 

spiral,  47 

square-cross,  46 

sticking  of,  32,  306,  321 

X,44 


Bit,  Y,  45 
Z,  47 

Bits,  39 

Andover,  N.  J.,  102,  117 

changing,  38 

cost  of  sharpening,  50 

kind  used  at  Detroit  River,  81 

kind  used  at  Vail,  N.  J.,  107 

shape  of,  41,  127,  306 

sharpening,  32,  44,  46,  47,  48 

sharpening  on  Buffalo  boat,  No.  5, 
252 

sharpening  on  "Destroyer,"  191 

six-wing  rosette,  46 

tempering,  48,  50 

time  to  change,  63 

used  at  Columbia,  N.  J.,  117 
Black  Rock  harbor  and  channel,  278 
Blacksmith,  50 
Blacksmith  coal,  51 
Black  Tom  Reef,  New  York,  300 
Blakeslee   &   Sons,   Catskill   Aqueduct, 

X43 
Blasting,  cost  of  (see  Cost  of  Drilling). 

experience  table  of  cost,  7 1 
Blasting  in  tunnel,  102 
Blasting  machine,  15 
Blasting  on  a  drill  boat,  212 
Blasting,  operation  of,  i 
Blyth,  England,  operations,  180 
Boat,  drill  (see  Drill  Boat). 
Boiler  horse-power,  55 
Boilers  used  at  Detroit  River,  82 
Boulders  at  Buffalo,  278 
Brake  horse-power,  56 
Breakwater  at  Duluth-Superior  Harbor, 

133 

Breasting  cables,  Oak  Point,  295 
Breasting  chains,  286 

311 


312 


INDEX 


Breccia  in  Cripple  Creek  district,  155 
Brownell  Improvement  Co.,  Thornton, 

111.,  125 

Brunton  bit,  44 
Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  269 
No.  2,  266 
No.  4,  260 
No,  5,  244 
Buffalo  Dredging  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

244,  278 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Black  Rock  Harbor  and 

channel,  278 
Bull  bit,  46 


Cable  cars  at  Detroit  River,  90 

Cables  as  breasting  lines,  287 

Cable  ways  at  Detroit,  79 

Canal  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to  Lake 

Huron,  159 
Carbonite,  3 
Cars,  cost  of,  125 
Catskill  Aqueduct,  143 
Chadcayne  Tunnel,  143 
Chains  as  breasting  lines,  287 
Chambering,  14 
Changing  bits,  38 
Channeling,  309 
Charging  drill  holes  on  "Earthquake," 

225 

Charging  tube,  13 
Charging   tube  used  on   Sullivan   drill 

boats,  212 

Chipeta  Adit  at  Ouray,  Colo.,  152 
Chisel  bit,  49 

Chuck,  double-bolted  U,  175,  235 
Chucks,  38 

Cienfuegos  Harbor,  Cuba,  291 
Clay  at  Buffalo,  278 
Coal,  51 

Coal  bunker  of  steel,  246 
Coal  consumption,  55 

at  Andover,  105 

at  Black  Tom  Reef,  301 

at  Buffalo,  280 

at  Columbia,  N.  J.,  120 

at  Duluth,  Minn.,  138 

at  Galops  Rapids,  288 


Coal  consumption,   at  Kennebec  River, 
298 

at  Livingstone  Improvement,  86 

at  Oswego,  184 

at  St.  Mary's  River,  164,  170 

at  St.  Mary's  River,  Sec.  4,  283 

at  Thornton,  111.,  129 

at  Vail,  N.  J.,  in 

on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  2,  268 

on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  274 

on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  265 

on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  247,  252 

on  "Destroyer,"  191 

on  "Dynamiter,"  211 

on  "Earthquake,"  224 

on  Edwards  Bros.'  boat,  175 

on  "Exploder,"  202 

on  "Hurricane,"  237 
Coal,  cost  at  Detroit  River,  192 

cost  at  Ouray,  Colo.,  154 

cost  at  Thornton,  111.,  129 

cost  of,  55 

cost  on  Buffalo  Boat.  No.  5,  252 

cost  on  "Exploder,"  202 

heating  value,  55 

loading  at  Detroit  River  cofferdam,  86 

loading  on  a  drill  boat,  191,  252,  274 
Cofferdam  work,  75 
Collar,  Sergeant  rotating,  79 
Columbia,    N.  J.,  D.  L.  &  W.  cut-off, 

"5 

Compressor  plant  at  Detroit  River,  84 
Contract    No.    25,    New    York    water 

supply,  143 
Contract  price,  at  Buffalo,  278 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  274 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  252 

cofferdam  work,  Detroit  River,  84 

Galops  Rapids,  285 

James  River,  290 

Oswego,  182 
Contract  prices,  Detroit  River,  201,  224, 

237 

drill  boat  "Destroyer,"  191 

St.  Mary's  River,  282 
Copper  mines,  41 
Coral  at  Cienfuegos,  291 
Cost,  see  article  in  question. 


INDEX 


313 


Cost,  checking  up,  65 

comparison   between    Lobnitz   rock- 
breaker,  drop  drill  barge,  and  sub- 
marine drills,  1 80,  181 
Cost  curves,  directions  for  using,  64 
Cost  of  air  compressor,  53 
Cost  of    blasting.      (See  also  Cost  of 

Drilling.) 
Cost  of  drilling,  52,  58,  67 

Ahnapee  Harbor,  285 

Andover,  N.  J.,  106 

Black  Tom  Reef,  301 

Blyth,  England,  180 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  276 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  2,  268 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  265 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  259 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.  281 

Catskill  Aqueduct,  148 

Cienfuegos  Harbor,  292 

Columbia,  N.  J.,  123 

"Destroyer,"  197 

Duluth,  Minn.,  141 

"Dynamiter,"  215 

"Earthquake,"  230 

Edwards  Bros.'  drill  boat,  177 

"Exploder,"  204 

Galops  Rapids,  288 

"Hurricane,"  239 

James  River,  290 

Kennebec  River,  298 

Livingstone  Improvement,  93 

Oak  Point,  296 

Oswego,  183 

Ouray,  Colo.,  154 

Portland  Gold  Mining  Co.,  156 

St.  Mary's  River,  167 

St.  Mary's  River,  Sec.  No.  4,  283 

Thornton,  111.,  132 

Vail,  N.  J.,  114 

Costof  driving  tunnel  at  Ouray,  Colo.,  154 
Cost  of  explosives,  7 1 
Cost  of  operating  drill  boat,  percentages, 

289 
Cost  of  removing  rock.     (See  Cost  of 

Drilling.) 
Cost  of  sharpening  bits,  50.     (Also  see 

Bits.) 


Cost  of  steam  plant,  52 

Cost  of  water  jets,  31 

Crane  for  handling  bits,  248 

Crews  at  drills.     (See  Cost  of  Drilling.) 

Cross  bit,  41,  46 

Croton  Tunnel,  143 

Crusher  plant  at  Duluth,  Minn.,  132 

Crushers,  125 

Crushing  plant  at  Thornton,  N.  J.,  127 

Cushioning  effect,  14 

Cutting  speed,  40,  49,  62 

Cylinder  of  drill,  36 

D 

Dady,  contractor  at  Cienfuegos,  Harbor, 

291 

Dake  engines  for  moving  drills,  245 
Dams  at  Detroit  River,  75 
Danger  from  dynamite,  10 
Depreciation  on  plant  at  West  Neebish 

Channel,  84 
Depth  of  hole,  16,  38 
Derrick  boat,  77 
Derrick,  cost  of,  282 
"Destroyer,"  drill  boat,  187 
Detonating  compounds,  2 
Detonation,  definition  of,  2 

facility  of,  7 
Detroit  River,  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  269 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  2,  266 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  260 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  244 
Detroit  River  Channel,  220 
Detroit  River  Improvement,  75 
Detroit    River,    Livingstone    Improve- 
ment, 184 

Diameter  of  holes,  40 
Direction  of  the  hole,  51 
D.  L.  &  W,  cut-off,  99 
Dolly  bar,  21 

Dolomite  rock  at  Columbia,  N.  J.,  115 
Dredge  at  Cienfuegos  Harbor,  291 
Dredge,  cost  of,  282 

elevator  type,  180 

"Gladiator,"  185 

"Hercules,"  185 

"Old  Glory,"  185 


314 


INDEX 


Dredging,  cost  at  Ahnapee  Harbor,  285 

cost  at  Oak  Point,  296 

cost  at  Oswego,  184 
Drill  barge  at  Blyth,  180 
Drill  boat,  Buffalo,  No.  i,  269 

Buffalo,  No.  2,  266 

Buffalo,  No.  4,  260 

Buffalo,  No.  5,  244 

Cienfuegos  Harbor,  291 

cost,  282 

"Destroyer,"  187 

"Dynamiter,"  209 

"Earthquake,"  220 

Edwards  Bros.',  171 

"Exploder,"  199 

for  use  in  tide  water,  295 

Galops  Rapids,  286 

"Hurricane,"  231 

James  River,  290 

Oak  Point,  295 

Oswego,  182 

St.  Mary's  River,  160 

St.  Mary's  River,  Sec.  4,  282 

Sanford  Ross  type,  297 
Drill  cylinder,  36 
Drill  float,  cost,  301 
Drill  mounting  in  tunnel,  150 
Drill  mountings,  38 

on  Catskill  Aqueduct,  144 
Drill  piston,  36 
Drill  repairs,  at  Columbia,  N.  J.,  121 

at  Thornton,  111.,  129 

on  "Destroyer,"  192 
Drill  steel,  50 
Drill  stroke,  36 
Drill,  weight  of,  38 
Drilling,  cost  by  air,  61 

cost  by  steam,  60 

cost  of,  52,  59 

experience  table  of  cost,  67 

through  wells  on  boat,  286 
Drills,  air,  32 

hammer  type,  40 

kind  at  Detroit,  79 

large  vs.  small,  154 

number  of,  35 

number  sharpened  by  machine,  151 

on  boat  moved  by  hydraulic,  260 


Drills,  on  boat  moved  by  steam,  245, 
249 

protecting  in  winter,  307 

setting  up,  22,  39 

steam,  32 

time  to  set-up,  63 

tripod,  on  a  scow,  284 
Dualin,  3 
Duluth    Crushed    Stone    Co.,    Duluth, 

Minn.,  132 

Dynamite,  amount  per  hole  at  Thorn- 
ton, 111.,  125 

cost  of,  283.     (See  Cost  of  drilling.) 

cost  of,  at  Ouray,  154 

danger  from,  10 

grade  of,  4 

per  blast  at  Catskill  Aqueduct,  146 

size  of  cartridges,  4 

specific  gravity,  10 

weight  of,  10 

weight  of  cartridges,  4 
"Dynamiter,"  drill  boat,  209 


"Earthquake,"  drill  boat,  220 

Eastern  Dredging  Co.,  Kennebec  River, 

297 

East  River,  Oak  Point,  293 
Economic  Grade  of  powder,  6 
Edwards  Bros.'  Drill  Boat,  St.  Mary's 

River,  171 

Ejector  pipes,  Black  Tom  Reef,  299 
Electric  firing,  15 
Electric  power,  34 

Empire  Engineering  Corporation,  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.,  278 
Estimating  costs,  58 
"Exploder,"  drill  boat,  199 
Explosion,  definition  of,  i 

flame  from,  9 
Explosives,  amount  of,  12 

consumed  in  tunneling,  158 

experience  table  of  cost,  71 

frozen,  2,  8 

power  of,  5 
Explosives  proper,  i 
Explosives,  slow-acting,  6 


INDEX 


315 


Facility  of  detonation,  7 

Feed,  59 

Feet,  per  minute  in  jasper  and  quartzite, 

J51 

Ferro-titanium,  50 
Firing,  15 

simultaneous,  15 
Flame  from  explosion,  9 
Flick wir,  D.  M.,  work  at  D.  L.  &  W, 

cut-off,  ico 

Hint  in  Kennebec  River,  297 
Flint  rock  at  Buffalo,  278 
Floatable  platform  for  drilling,  299 
Forcite,  4 
Freezing,  54 

of  nitroglycerin,  8 
Frozen  explosives,  2,  8 
Frozen  work,  307,  308 
Fuel,  32 

Fuller  and  Dollie  sharpening,  48 
Fumes,  9 

from  dynamite,  304 

G 

Galops  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence  River,  285 
Gas  plant  for  lights  on  Buffalo  Boat, 

No.  5,  248 
Gelignite,  4 
Giant  powder,  3 
Gilbert  Bros.  Engineering  Co.,  Galops 

Rapids,  285 

Gneiss  at  Oak  Point,  293 
Granite  at  Andover,  103 
Granite  at  Black  Rom  Reef,  302 
Granite  at  Duluth,  Minn.,  133 
Granite  at  Oak  Point,  293 
Granite  on  Catskill  Aqueduct,  143 
Grade  of  dynamite,  4 
Grade  of  powder,  15 
Graywacke  sandstone  at  Oswego,  182 
Great  Lakes  Dredge  Dock  Co.,  160 
Gunpowder,  composition  of,  i 

H 

Hammer  type  drills,  40 
Hand  sharpening,  46 
Hardness  of  rock,  20 


Hart,  Jas.  A.,   &  Co.,  on  D.  L.   &  W. 

cut-off,  115 
Hay  Lake  and  Neebish  Channel,   St. 

Mary's  River,  282 
Heat,  32 

Heating  exhaust  water,  222 
Hercules,  3 
Kingston,  Rogers  &    O'Brien,  Oswego 

Harbor,  182 

Kings  in  drilling  and  blasting,  303 
Hole,  direction  of,  51 
Holes,  arrangement  in  a  quarry,  125 
arrangement  in  a  tunnel,  ico,   144, 

145 

blasting  on  "Dynamiter,"  213 

depth  of,  r6,  38 

depths  on  various  work.     (See  Holes, 
spacing.) 

direction  in  open-cut  work,  305 
Holes  per  blast,  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  273 

Buffalo,  Boat  No.  5,  250 

Catskill  Aqueduct,  147 

Columbia,  N.  J.,  118 

Duluth,  Minn.,  138 

"Dynamiter,"  210 

"Earthquake,"  223 

"Exploder,"  201 

Galops  Rapids,  287 

"Hurricane,"  236 

Port  Colborne,  182 

Thornton,  111.,  127 

Vail,  N.,  J.,  109 
Holes,  size  of,  14,  39,  40 

spacing  of,  14,  15 

spacing  at  Ahnapee  Harbor,  285 

spacing  at  Andover,  103 

spacing  at  Black  Tom  Reef,  300 

spacing  at  Buffalo,  278 

spacing  on  Buffalo,  Boat  No.  i,  273, 
277 

spacing  on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  264 

spacing  on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  249 

spacing  at  Cienfuegos  Harbor,  291 

spacing  at  Columbia,  N.  J.,  118 

spacing  on  "  Destroyer,"  190,  197 

spacing  at  Duluth,  Minn.,  137 

spacing  on  "Dynamiter,"  210,  215 

spacing  on  "Earthquake,"  223 


316 


INDEX 


Holes,  spacing  on  Edwards  Bros.'  drill 

boat,  176 

spacing  on  "Exploder,"  201,  205 
spacing  on  "Hurricane,"  235 
spacing  at  James  River,  290 
spacing  on  Kennebec  River,  297 
spacing  at  Port  Colborne,  182 
spacing  at  St.  Mary's  River,  163 
spacing  on  St.  Mary's  River,  Sec.  4, 

283 

spacing  at  Thornton,  111.,  127 
spacing  at  Vail,  N.  J.,  109 
springing,  12,  13 
tamping,  7 
wet,  12,  15 

Horse-power  necessary,  55 

Horse-power  required  for  compression, 
56 

Horsley  powder,  4 

"Hurricane,"  drill  boat,  231 


Improvement  of  Oswego  Harbor,  New 

York,  182 
Improving  Ahnapee  Harbor,  Wisconsin, 

284 
Improving    Black    Rock    Harbor    and 

Channel,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  278 
Improving  James  River,  Va.,  290 
Iron  mines,  4 

J 

James  River,  Va.,  290 
Jasper  at  Towar,  Minn.,  151 
Jets,  23,  39,  62 
air,  46,  63 

on  drill  boat  at  West  Neebish  Chan- 
nel, 166 

water,  21,  23,  31,  46 
Judson  Giant  Powder,  4 


Kennebec  River,  Me.,  297 


Large  vs.  small  drills,  154 
Lighting  of  work  at  night,  87 


Limestone,  Ahnapee  Harbor,  285 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  250 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  278 

Columbia,  N.  J.,  115 

Detroit  River,  190,  201,  223,  235 

Galops  Rapids,  285 

Livingstone    Improvement,     Detroit 
River,  81 

Port  Colborne,  181 

Thornton,  111.,  125 

Livingstone  Improvement,  Buffalo  Boatv 
No.,  i,  269 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  2,  266 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  260 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  244 

of  Detroit  River,  75,  184,  220 
Loading  holes,  305 
Lobwitz  rock  breaker,  180 
Locher,  C.  H.,  traction  drill,  87 
Locomotive  crane,  133,  135 
Lovejoy's    Narrows,    Kennebec    River, 
Me.,  297 

M 

Measurement  of  rock,  308 
Mica  schist  at  Oak  Point,  293 
Mounting  of  drills,  38.  (See  also  Drills.) 
Mucking,  53 

amount  of,  53 

at  Ouray,  Colo.,  153 

cost  of,  54 

in  tunnel,  156 
Mud  capping,  3 
Mudding,  42 

Mud  pipe,  on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  272.. 
(Also  see  Sand  pipe.) 

on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  253.     (Also 
see  Sand  pipe.) 

wear  of,  252 

N 

Neebish  Channel,  St.  Mary's  River,  282 
Neebish  Island,  Edwards  Brothers,  171 
New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford 

R.  R.  Improvements,  Oak  Point, 

East  River,  293 
New    York    Water    Supply,     Catskill 

Aqueduct,  143 


INDEX 


317 


Nitroglycerine,  freezing  of,  2,  8 
Non-freezing  powders,  9 
Number  of  drills,  35 

O 

Oak  Point,  New  York  City,  293 
Observations  on  Livingstone  Improve- 
ment of  the  Detroit  River,  184 
Oil  consumption,  Andover,  105 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  274 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  2,  268 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  265 

Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  252 

Columbia,  N.  J.,  120 

"Destroyer,"  191 

Duluth,  Minn.,  138 

"Dynamiter,"  211 

"Earthquake,"  224 

Edwards  Bros.'  Boat,  175 

"Exploder,"  202 

Galops  Rapids.,  288 

"Hurricane,"  238 

Livingstone  Improvement,  86 

St.  Mary's  River,  164 

St.  Mary's  River,  Sec.  4,  283 

Thornton,  111.,  129 

Vail,  N.,  J.  in 
Oliver  Iron  Mining  Co.,  Lowar,  Minn., 

I51 

Operation  of  Blasting,  i 
Operations  at  Blyth,  England,  180 
Oswego  Harbor,  New  York,  182 
Ouray,  Colo.,  mine  tunnel,  152 

P 

Piles,  blowing,  307 

Pioneer  Mine,  152 

Pipe  connections,  34,  35 

Piston  of  drill,  36 

Platform  method  of  drilling,  299 

Plug  holes  at  Duluth,  134,  136 

Pluto  powder,  223 

Port  Colborne  Harbor  Works,  Welland 

Canal,  Canada,  181 
Portland  Gold  Mining  Co.,  154 
Pound  degrees  from  water  at  32°,  56 
Powder,  economic  grade  of,  6 
Powder,  grade  of,  15 
Powder,  non-freezing,  9 


Power,  cost  of,  54 

Power  of  explosives,  5 

Power  sharpener,  46 

Pressure,  34,  37 

Pressure  of  air,  55 

Pressure  of  air  and  steam,  22 

Price  of  crushed  stone,  129,  138 

Primer  strength,  8 

Pumping,  22,  39 

Pumping  at  Detroit  River,  75 

Pump  on  boat  at  West  Neebish  Channel, 

166 

Pumps,  centrifugal  at  Detroit,  77 
Pumps  on  Edwards  Brothers' 60:11,173 

Q 

Quarry  bar,  38 

Quarry,  Duluth,  Minn.,  132 

Thornton,  111.,  125 
Quartz,  Oak  Point,  293 
Quartzite,  Ouray,  Colo.,  152 

Towar,  Minn.,  151 

R 

Rapidity  of  action  of  explosives,  6 
Ratio  of  scow  to  place  measurement,  285 
Reaming  edge,  42 

Record  of  cost  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  280 
Record  for  two  weeks,   Buffalo  Boat, 

No.  i,  276 
Record  for  one  month,  Buffalo  Boat, 

No.  2,  269 
Record  for  two  months,  Buffalo  Boat, 

No.  4,  266 
Record  for  two  months,  Buffalo  Boat, 

No.  5,  260 
Record  for  one  week,  on  "Dynamiter." 

214 

Record  for  four  months   on   "Earth- 
quake," 231 
Record  for  one  week  on    "Exploder," 

203 
Record  for  four  months  of  "Hurricane," 

240 
Record  of  cost  on  St.   Mary's   River, 

Sec.  4,  284 
Reiter,   Curtis    &  Hill,   contractors  at 

Vail,  N.  J.,  107 
Rendrock,  3 


318 


INDEX 


Repairs  to  drilk  at  Columbia,  121 
Repairs  to  plant,  Black  Tom  Reef,  301 
Repairs  at  Thornton,  111.,  129 
Repairs,  West  Neebish  contract,  86 
Report  card  used  at  Livingstone  Im- 
provement, 97 
Risk  from  dynamite,  10 
Rock,  21,  32,  42,  49 
Rock  breaker,  Lobnitz,  180 
Rock,  hardness  of,  20 
Rock  loosened,  16 
Roseville  tunnel,  100 
Round-edge  bit,  45 
Rubble  plant  at  Duluth,  Minn.,  133 


St.  Lawrence  River,  Galops  Rapids,  285 

St.  Mary's  River,  159 
Section  4,  282 

Edwards  Bros.'  Drill  Boat,  i;  i 
Michigan,     Hay    Lake    &    Neebish 
Channel,  282 

Sand  at  Buffalo,  278 

Sand  pipe,  225.     (See  also  Mud  pipe.) 

Sand  pipe  wear,  231 

Sandstone  at  Blyth,  England,  180 

Sandstone,  drilling  in,  306 

Sandstone  at  Oswego,  182 

Sandstone  at  St.  Mary's  River,  163,  174 

Sanford,  contractor  on  James  River,  290 

Saunders'  platform  method,  299 

Savoy  mine,  152 

Scow,  cost  of,  282 

Scow  at  Detroit  River,  77 

Scow  with  tripod  drills,  284 

Sergeant  rotating  collar,  79 

Serpents,  77 

Setting  up  drill,  22,  39 

Setting  up  drill  on  a  column,  150 

"Set-hammer"  sharpening,  47 

Shaft  bar,  38 

"Shake  down,"  13 

Shale  rock,  2 1 

Shape  of  bits,  41 

Sharpening  bits,  32,  44,  47,  48 

Ship  channel  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Galops 
Rapids,  285 

Simmons  bit,  44 


Simultaneous  firing,  15 

Six-wing  rosette  bit,  46 

Size  of  bits,  41 

Size  of  cartridges,  4,  15 

Size  of  hole,  14,  39,  40.    (See  also  Holes, 

spacing.) 

Slate  in  Kennebec  River,  297 
Slate  at  Vail,  N.  J.,  113 
Slowest  acting  explosives,  6 
Sludge,  21,  22 
Smith,  McCormick  &  Co.,  D.  L.  &  W. 

cut-off,  115 

Soudan  Mine  at  Towar,  Minn.,  151 
Spacing  holes,  13,  15 
Specific  gravity  of  dynamite,  10 
Speed  of  cutting,  40 
Spiral  bit,  47 
Springing  holes,  12,  13 
Square  cross-bit,  46 
Standard  Contracting  Co.,  St.  Mary's 

River,  282 
Steam  drills,  32 
Steam  hammer  on  Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5, 

247 

Steam,  loss  of  energy,  57 
Steam  plant,  cost  of,  52 
Steam  power,  35 
Steam  pressure,  22 
Steam  shovel  at  Detroit,  79 
Steam  shovels,  125 
Steam  volume  at  given  pressure,  56 
Sticking  of  bit,  2 1 
Stonite,  3 

Strength  of  primers,  8 
Stroke  of  drill,  36 
Stumps,  blowing,  307 
Submarine  drilling  by  platform  method, 

299 
Submarine    rock    excavation,    Welland 

Canal,  Canada,  181 
Suspended  track  at  Andover,  100 


Tamping,  13 

Tamping  holes,  7 

Tappet  holes,  154 

Telescopic  tube  for  drilling,  299 

Temperature  at  given  pressure,  56 


INDEX 


319 


Tempering,  48,  50 

Test  borings,  308 

Thawing  out  drills  on  drill  boat,  222 

Thornton,  111.,  quarry,  125 

Time  study  of  drilling,  58 

Time  study,  Andover,  N.  J.,  106 

Buffalo,  Boat  No.  5,  261,  262,  263 

Catskill  Aqueduct,  149 

Columbia,  N.  J.,  124 

"Destroyer,"  194,  195 

Duluth,  Minn.,  142 

"Dynamiter,"  217,  218,  219 

"Earthquake,"  232,  233,  234 

Edwards  Bros.'  Drill  Boat,  178 

"Exploder,"  206,  207,  208 

"Hurricane,"  241,  242,  243 

Livingstone     Improvement,     Detroit 
River,  94,  96 

St.  Mary's  River,  171 

Thornton,  111.,  132 

VaiL  N.  J.,  115 
Tipple,  135 

Towar,  Minn.,  Soudan  Mine,  151 
Traction  drill,  87 
Trees,  holes  for  planting,  307 
Tripod,  38 
Tripod  legs,  2 1 
Tug,  cost  of,  282 
Tunnel,  driving  in  the   Cripple   Creek 

district,  154 
Tunnel  work,  Castkill  Aqueduct,  143 

Ouray,  Colo.,  152 


U 


U-chucks,  79 


Vail,  N.  J.,  D.  L.  &  W.  cut-off,  107 
Value  of  plant,  Andover,  N.  J.,  105 
Black  Tom  Reef,  301 
Blyth,  England,  180 
Buffalo  Boat,  No.  i,  275 
Buffalo  Boat,  No.  2,  268 
Buffalo  Boat,  No.  4,  265 
Buffalo  Boat,  No.  5,  252 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  281 
Catskill  Aqueduct,  147 
Cienfuegos  Harbor,  292 


Value  of  plant,  Columbia,  N.  J.,  120 

"Destroyer,"  193 

Detroit  River  cofferdam,  86 

Duluth,  138 

"Dynamiter,"  213 

"Earthquake,"  224 

Edwards  Bros.'  Boat,  176 

"Exploder,"  202 

"Hurricane,"  238 

Kennebec  River,  298 

Oswego  Harbor,  183 

St.  Mary's  River,  Sec.  4,  282 

Thornton,  111.,  129 

Vail,  N.  J.,  TII 

West  Neebish  Channel,  165 
Ventilation  at  Ouray,  Colo.,  153 
Vigorite,  4 
Vulcanite,  4 

W 

Wages,  Oak  Point,  296 
Ouray,  Colo.,  153 
standard  rates  for  subaqueous  work, 

159 

standard  rates  on  land,  66 
Water  in  hole,  15 
Water  jet,  21,  23,46,305 

cost  of,  31 

"Destroyer,"  189 

Edwards  Bros.'  Boat,  175 
Waterproof  cartridge,  12 
Water  tank,  48 
Weight  of  cartridges,  4 
Weight  of  drill,  38 
Weight  of  drill,  steel,  41 
Weight  of  dynamite,  10 
Welland  Canal,  Canada,  181 
West    Neebish    Channel,    St.    Mary's 

River,  159 
Wet-hole  work,  12,  54,  305 


X-bit,  44 
Y-bit,  45 

Z-bit,  47 

Zenith  Mine,  152 


SHORT-TITLE  CATALOGUE 


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16 


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Supplement 12mo,  2  5O 

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17 


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SANITARY    SCIENCE. 

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